scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Omics Technologies Used to Study Antimonial, Amphotericin B, and Pentamidine Resistance inLeishmania

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Kaur ◽  
Bhawana Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Leishmaniasis is a serious threat in developing countries due to its endemic nature and debilitating symptoms. Extensive research and investigations have been carried out to learn about the mechanism of drug resistance inLeishmaniabut results obtained in the laboratory are not in agreement with those obtained from the field. Also the lack of knowledge about the mode of action for a number of drugs makes the study of drug resistance more complex. A major concern in recent times has been regarding the role of parasitic virulence in drug resistance forLeishmania. Researchers have employed various techniques to unravel the facts about resistance and virulence inLeishmania. With advent of advanced and more specific means of detection, further hints about probable mechanisms of conferring resistance are expected. This review aims to provide a consolidated picture along with a comparative account of the work done so far to study the mechanism of antimony, amphotericin B, and pentamidine resistance using various techniques.

Researching Information Seeking in Digital Libraries Through Information-Seeking Models

2018 ◽  
pp. 2157-2180
Author(s):  
Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh ◽  
Seyedali Ahrari ◽  
Bahaman Abu Samah ◽  
Jusang Bolong
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Digital Library ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Information Seeking Behaviors ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

There has been an increasing amount of research focus on the development of digital libraries, particularly on information seeking. A variety of information-seeking models used by library and information science (LIS) academics investigate the manner in which information is sought and transformed into knowledge, which should be taken into account during the design of digital libraries. However, in part this reflects the lack of knowledge about how these models explain user information seeking behaviors in a digital library environment. This chapter aims to address this lack of knowledge. It presents a set of information-seeking models that can be used by LIS scholars or experts to comprehend the dynamics of information seeking by users of digital libraries. The major role of this chapter is to provide a review of the existing “models” to date, and also to present a comparative analysis of the notable models that may contribute to ways of understanding the research on information seeking in digital libraries.

The impact of the economic crisis on media corruption: A comparative study in South and North Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 174804852094275
Author(s):  
Theodora A Maniou ◽  
Elena Ketteni
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
The North ◽  
Global Economic Crisis ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The Impact

Although extensive research has been conducted into the role of the media in fighting corruption, media organisations and journalists themselves are not immune to it. The issue of corruption in the media remains understudied and has thus far mainly focused on case-studies of specific countries characterised by corruption as a core societal characteristic, as well as of under-developed and developing countries. This study focuses on the issue of media corruption in Europe, based on a comparative analysis between countries of the South and North, investigating the impact of the global economic crisis on media corruption. The research presents clear evidence of increased indications of media corruption in the North of Europe in comparison to the media systems of the European South, the area most affected by the global economic crisis.

scholarly journals Amphotericin B and Other Polyenes—Discovery, Clinical Use, Mode of Action and Drug Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Hans Carolus ◽  
Siebe Pierson ◽  
Katrien Lagrou ◽  
Patrick Van Dijck
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Resistant Species

Although polyenes were the first broad spectrum antifungal drugs on the market, after 70 years they are still the gold standard to treat a variety of fungal infections. Polyenes such as amphotericin B have a controversial image. They are the antifungal drug class with the broadest spectrum, resistance development is still relatively rare and fungicidal properties are extensive. Yet, they come with a significant host toxicity that limits their use. Relatively recently, the mode of action of polyenes has been revised, new mechanisms of drug resistance were discovered and emergent polyene resistant species such as Candida auris entered the picture. This review provides a short description of the history and clinical use of polyenes, and focusses on the ongoing debate concerning their mode of action, the diversity of resistance mechanisms discovered to date and the most recent trends in polyene resistance development.

A comparative analysis of agricultural research and extension reforms in China and India

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Chandra Babu ◽  
Jikun Huang ◽  
P. Venkatesh ◽  
Yumei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – There is growing interest from the global development community in the role of agricultural research and extension (AR & E) systems to achieve development targets. Despite this interest, many smallholders in developing countries continue to lack access to updated agricultural information and reliable services. In an effort to increase the effectiveness, impact, and reach of AR & E programs, many governments have attempted to reform their national systems. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper systematically compares the systems and reforms of AR & E in China and India in order to draw out lessons applicable to developing countries. This paper first reviews the existing literature on AR & E systems and their role in agricultural and economic development. The authors then provide a detailed review and comparative analysis of the reforms and approaches implemented in the AR & E systems of China and India. The authors apply this comparative analysis to draw out lessons that can be applied to inform the reformation of AR & E systems in developing countries. Findings – The authors find that although both countries face similar agricultural development challenges, each took a different approach in the reformation of AR & E to address these challenges. Each country’s approaches had different impacts on the effectiveness of the system. Lessons from the reformation of the AR & E systems in China and India can be used to inform and improve the impact of AR & E in developing countries. Originality/value – The paper examines two systems together using a set of common indicators and factors. The paper’s value comes from its usefulness in informing future AR & E reforms in other developing countries in order to increase the impact of these reforms on development outcomes.

Researching Information Seeking in Digital Libraries through Information-Seeking Models

2016 ◽  
pp. 84-107
Author(s):  
Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh ◽  
Seyedali Ahrari ◽  
Bahaman Abu Samah ◽  
Jusang Bolong
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Digital Library ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Information Seeking Behaviors ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

There has been an increasing amount of research focus on the development of digital libraries, particularly on information seeking. A variety of information-seeking models used by library and information science (LIS) academics investigate the manner in which information is sought and transformed into knowledge, which should be taken into account during the design of digital libraries. However, in part this reflects the lack of knowledge about how these models explain user information seeking behaviors in a digital library environment. This chapter aims to address this lack of knowledge. It presents a set of information-seeking models that can be used by LIS scholars or experts to comprehend the dynamics of information seeking by users of digital libraries. The major role of this chapter is to provide a review of the existing “models” to date, and also to present a comparative analysis of the notable models that may contribute to ways of understanding the research on information seeking in digital libraries.

Researching Information Seeking in Digital Libraries Through Information-Seeking Models

2018 ◽  
pp. 264-287
Author(s):  
Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh ◽  
Seyedali Ahrari ◽  
Bahaman Abu Samah ◽  
Jusang Bolong
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Digital Library ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Information Seeking Behaviors ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

There has been an increasing amount of research focus on the development of digital libraries, particularly on information seeking. A variety of information-seeking models used by library and information science (LIS) academics investigate the manner in which information is sought and transformed into knowledge, which should be taken into account during the design of digital libraries. However, in part this reflects the lack of knowledge about how these models explain user information seeking behaviors in a digital library environment. This chapter aims to address this lack of knowledge. It presents a set of information-seeking models that can be used by LIS scholars or experts to comprehend the dynamics of information seeking by users of digital libraries. The major role of this chapter is to provide a review of the existing “models” to date, and also to present a comparative analysis of the notable models that may contribute to ways of understanding the research on information seeking in digital libraries.

scholarly journals The role of certification in the Brazilian fruit sector

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cristina Dorr ◽  
Ulrike Grote
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Quality Uncertainty ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
High Degree

Certification systems play an important role in any market that is burdened with a high degree of information asymmetry and quality uncertainty. Thus, producers and exporters of fresh fruit in developing countries like Brazil are increasingly required to demonstrate the safety and traceability of their produce up to the consumption stage. This paper aims at presenting a comparative analysis of the different certification schemes applied to fruit production in Brazil. A survey of 303 grape and mango farmers was conducted in 2006 in the Juazeiro and Petrolina regions of the São Francisco Valley. The results of the certification schemes adopted by grape farmers show that GlobalGAP certified ones have higher productivity. The income of farmers with one certificate is higher than that of those with two certificates. The comparative analysis of small and medium farms concludes that there is no evidence of the marginalization of small farmers.

scholarly journals Chemogenomic profiling of anti-leishmanial efficacy and resistance in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare F Collett ◽  
Carl Kitson ◽  
Nicola Baker ◽  
Heather B. Steele-Stallard ◽  
Marie-Victoire Santrot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
Drug Uptake ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Kinetoplastid Parasite

AbstractThe arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode-of-action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionised our understanding of drug mode-of-action in the related kinetoplastid parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Therefore, we screened our genome-scale T. brucei RNAi library in the current anti-leishmanial drugs, sodium stibogluconate (antimonial), paromomycin, miltefosine and amphotericin-B. Identification of T. brucei orthologues of the known Leishmania antimonial and miltefosine plasma membrane transporters effectively validated our approach, while a cohort of 42 novel drug efficacy determinants provides new insights and serves as a resource. Follow-up analyses revealed the antimonial selectivity of the aquaglyceroporin, TbAQP3. A lysosomal major facilitator superfamily transporter contributes to paromomycin/aminoglycoside efficacy. The vesicle-associated membrane protein, TbVAMP7B, and a flippase contribute to amphotericin-B and miltefosine action, and are potential cross-resistance determinants. Finally, multiple phospholipid-transporting flippases, including the T. brucei orthologue of the Leishmania miltefosine transporter, a putative β-subunit/CDC50 co-factor, and additional membrane-associated hits, affect amphotericin-B efficacy, providing new insights into mechanisms of drug uptake and action. The findings from this orthology-based chemogenomic profiling approach substantially advance our understanding of anti-leishmanial drug action and potential resistance mechanisms, and should facilitate the development of improved therapies, as well as surveillance for drug-resistant parasites.ImportanceLeishmaniasis is a devastating disease caused by the Leishmania parasites and is endemic to a wide swathe of the tropics and sub-tropics. While there are drugs available for the treatment of leishmaniasis, these suffer from various challenges, including the spread of drug resistance. Our understanding of anti-leishmanial drug action and the modes of drug resistance in Leishmania is limited. The development of genetic screening tools in the related parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, has revolutionised our understanding of these processes in this parasite. Therefore, we applied these tools to the anti-leishmanial drugs, identifying T. brucei orthologues of known Leishmania proteins that drive drug uptake, as well as a panel of novel proteins not previously associated with anti-leishmanial drug action. Our findings substantially advance our understanding of anti-leishmanial mode-of-action and provide a valuable starting point for further research.

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