scholarly journals Applying the Concept of Peptide Uniqueness to Anti-Polio Vaccination

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Kanduc ◽  
Candida Fasano ◽  
Giovanni Capone ◽  
Antonella Pesce Delfino ◽  
Michele Calabrò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
Multiple Viral Strains

Background. Although rare, adverse events may associate with anti-poliovirus vaccination thus possibly hampering global polio eradication worldwide.Objective. To design peptide-based anti-polio vaccines exempt from potential cross-reactivity risks and possibly able to reduce rare potential adverse events such as the postvaccine paralytic poliomyelitis due to the tendency of the poliovirus genome to mutate.Methods. Proteins from poliovirus type 1, strain Mahoney, were analyzed for amino acid sequence identity to the human proteome at the pentapeptide level, searching for sequences that (1) have zero percent of identity to human proteins, (2) are potentially endowed with an immunologic potential, and (3) are highly conserved among poliovirus strains.Results. Sequence analyses produced a set of consensus epitopic peptides potentially able to generate specific anti-polio immune responses exempt from cross-reactivity with the human host.Conclusion. Peptide sequences unique to poliovirus proteins and conserved among polio strains might help formulate a specific and universal anti-polio vaccine able to react with multiple viral strains and exempt from the burden of possible cross-reactions with human proteins. As an additional advantage, using a peptide-based vaccine instead of current anti-polio DNA vaccines would eliminate the rare post-polio poliomyelitis cases and other disabling symptoms that may appear following vaccination.

scholarly journals The Pathology of Poliomyelitis and the Vaccines and Nonvaccine Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 02018
Author(s):  
Yushuo Chen ◽  
Tianrui Yue ◽  
Zixiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
New Type

Poliomyelitis is an exclusively human disease that mainly affects children. Clinical features of poliomyelitis can be varied, from mild illness to the most severe paralysis, and the factor why poliomyelitis has different performances in individuals has been proved strongly correlated with membrane protein CD155. The nervous system shows a special protecting phenomenon against the invasion of poliovirus, and the mechanism is not very clear at present. Vaccines are the main means of preventing and controlling polio, and many different vaccines have been invented in the process of fighting polio. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) are the two main vaccines. IPV is known for its safety while OPV is widely used in developing countries because of its relatively low cost. This usage also leads to some side effects: vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Now, for polio eradication, the elimination of these two diseases has become particularly important. Thus, a new type of vaccine was created: sequential IPV-OPV with the safety of IPV and the low cost of OPV. This paper will talk about the different polio vaccines and their effects. An enormous difference between people who have gotten the vaccine and people who have not got the vaccine. Comparing the two kinds of people, people who get normal poliovirus, and people who get poliovirus after taking a vaccine, known as VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis), the former cannot get full recovery whole life and the latter has a very low possibility. In conclusion, people should take vaccines if it is affordable for them.

scholarly journals Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Margaret M Peel
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization

Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Margaret M Peel
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization

Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.

scholarly journals Wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for polio eradication

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. LOPALCO
Keyword(s):  
Wild Strain ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Schedule ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Type 3

SUMMARYPolio cases due to wild virus are reported by only three countries in the world. Poliovirus type 2 has been globally eradicated and the last detection of poliovirus type 3 dates to November 2012. Poliovirus type 1 remains the only circulating wild strain; between January and September 2016 it caused 26 cases (nine in Afghanistan, 14 in Pakistan, three in Nigeria). The use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the key to success in the eradication effort. However, paradoxically, moving towards global polio eradication, the burden caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) becomes increasingly important. In this paper circulation of both wild virus and VDPVs is reviewed and implications for the polio eradication endgame are discussed. Between April and May 2016 OPV2 cessation has been implemented globally, in a coordinated switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. In order to decrease the risk for cVDPV2 re-emergence inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has been introduced in the routine vaccine schedule of all countries. The likelihood of re-emergence of cVDPVs should markedly decrease with time after OPV cessation, but silent circulation of polioviruses cannot be ruled out even a long time after cessation. For this reason, immunity levels against polioviruses should be kept as high as possible in the population by the use of IPV, and both clinical and environmental surveillance should be maintained at a high level.

scholarly journals Spread of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus from a Paralytic Case in an Immunodeficient Child: an Insight into the Natural Evolution of Oral Polio Vaccine

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 1062-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Cherkasova ◽  
M. L. Yakovenko ◽  
G. V. Rezapkin ◽  
E. A. Korotkova ◽  
O. E. Ivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Recombinant Type ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Sabin strains used in the manufacture of oral polio vaccine (OPV) replicate in the human organism and can give rise to vaccine-derived polioviruses. The increased neurovirulence of vaccine derivatives has been known since the beginning of OPV use, but their ability to establish circulation in communities has been recognized only recently during the latest stages of the polio eradication campaign. This important observation called for studies of their emergence and evolution as well as extensive surveillance to determine the scope of this phenomenon. Here, we present the results of a study of vaccine-derived isolates from an immunocompromised poliomyelitis patient, the contacts, and the local sewage. All isolates were identified as closely related and slightly evolved vaccine derivatives with a recombinant type 2/type 1 genome. The strains also shared several amino acid substitutions including a mutation in the VP1 protein that was previously shown to be associated with the loss of attenuation. Another mutation in the VP3 protein resulted in altered immunological properties of the isolates, possibly facilitating virus spread in immunized populations. The patterns and rates of the accumulation of synonymous mutations in isolates collected from the patient over the extended period of excretion suggest either a substantially nonuniform rate of mutagenesis throughout the genome, or, more likely, the strains may have been intratypic recombinants between coevolving derivatives with different degrees of divergence from the vaccine parent. This study provides insight into the early stages of the establishment of circulation by runaway vaccine strains.

scholarly journals An Epitope Platform for Safe and Effective HTLV-1-Immunization: Potential Applications for mRNA and Peptide-Based Vaccines

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1461
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Lucchese ◽  
Hamid Reza Jahantigh ◽  
Leonarda De Benedictis ◽  
Piero Lovreglio ◽  
Angela Stufano
Keyword(s):  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Human Proteome ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
Window Approach ◽  
Viral Polyprotein

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection affects millions of individuals worldwide and can lead to severe leukemia, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and numerous other disorders. Pursuing a safe and effective immunotherapeutic approach, we compared the viral polyprotein and the human proteome with a sliding window approach in order to identify oligopeptide sequences unique to the virus. The immunological relevance of the viral unique oligopeptides was assessed by searching them in the immune epitope database (IEDB). We found that HTLV-1 has 15 peptide stretches each consisting of uniquely viral non-human pentapeptides which are ideal candidate for a safe and effective anti-HTLV-1 vaccine. Indeed, experimentally validated HTLV-1 epitopes, as retrieved from the IEDB, contain peptide sequences also present in a vast number of human proteins, thus potentially instituting the basis for cross-reactions. We found a potential for cross-reactivity between the virus and the human proteome and described an epitope platform to be used in order to avoid it, thus obtaining effective, specific, and safe immunization. Potential advantages for mRNA and peptide-based vaccine formulations are discussed.

scholarly journals The polio-eradication programme and issues of the end game

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Minor
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Health Organization

Poliovirus causes paralytic poliomyelitis, an ancient disease of humans that became a major public-health issue in the 20th century. The primary site of infection is the gut, where virus replication is entirely harmless; the two very effective vaccines developed in the 1950s (oral polio vaccine, or OPV, and inactivated polio vaccine, or IPV) induce humoral immunity, which prevents viraemic spread and disease. The success of vaccination in middle-income and developing countries encouraged the World Health Organization to commit itself to an eradication programme, which has made great advances. The features of the infection, including its largely silent nature and the ability of the live vaccine (OPV) to evolve and change in vaccine recipients and their contacts, make eradication particularly challenging. Understanding the pathogenesis and virology of the infection is of major significance as the programme reaches its conclusion.

scholarly journals Characterization of CHAT and Cox Type 1 Live-Attenuated Poliovirus Vaccine Strains

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 5339-5349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Martín ◽  
Philip D. Minor
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

ABSTRACT CHAT and Cox type 1 live-attenuated poliovirus strains were developed in the 1950s to be used as vaccines for humans. This paper describes their characterization with respect to virulence, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The results are compared to those for their common parental wild virus, the Mahoney strain, and to those for two other poliovirus strains derived from Mahoney, the Sabin 1 vaccine strain and the mouse-adapted LS-a virus. Analysis of four isolates from cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis related to the CHAT vaccine revealed genetic and phenotypic properties of the CHAT strain following replication in the human gut. CHAT-VAPP strain 134 contained a genome highly evolved from that of CHAT (1.1% nucleotide differences), suggesting long-term circulation of a vaccine-derived strain in the human population. The molecular mechanisms of attenuation and evolution of poliovirus in humans are discussed in the context of the global polio eradication initiative.

scholarly journals Assessing the stability of polio eradication after the withdrawal of oral polio vaccine

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Famulare ◽  
Christian Selinger ◽  
Kevin A. McCarthy ◽  
Philip A. Eckhoff ◽  
Guillaume Chabot-Couture
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
The Stability

AbstractThe oral polio vaccine (OPV) contains live-attenuated polioviruses that induce immunity by causing low virulence infections in vaccine recipients and their close contacts. Widespread immunization with OPV has reduced the annual global burden of paralytic poliomyelitis by a factor of ten thousand or more and has driven wild poliovirus (WPV) to the brink of eradication. However, in instances that have so far been rare, OPV can paralyze vaccine recipients and generate vaccine-derived polio outbreaks. To complete polio eradication, OPV use should eventually cease, but doing so will leave a growing population fully susceptible to infection. If poliovirus is reintroduced after OPV cessation, under what conditions will OPV vaccination be required to interrupt transmission? Can conditions exist where OPV and WPV reintroduction present similar risks of transmission? To answer these questions, we built a multiscale mathematical model of infection and transmission calibrated to data from clinical trials and field epidemiology studies. At the within-host level, the model describes the effects of vaccination and waning immunity on shedding and oral susceptibility to infection. At the between-host level, the model emulates the interaction of shedding and oral susceptibility with sanitation and person-to-person contact patterns to determine the transmission rate in communities. Our results show that inactivated polio vaccine is sufficient to prevent outbreaks in low transmission rate settings, and that OPV can be reintroduced and withdrawn as needed in moderate transmission rate settings. However, in high transmission rate settings, the conditions that support vaccine-derived outbreaks have only been rare because population immunity has been high. Absent population immunity, the Sabin strains from OPV will be nearly as capable of causing outbreaks as WPV. If post-cessation outbreak responses are followed by new vaccine-derived outbreaks, strategies to restore population immunity will be required to ensure the stability of polio eradication.Author SummaryOral polio vaccine (OPV) has played an essential role in the elimination of wild poliovirus (WPV). OPV contains attenuated yet transmissible viruses that can spread from person-to-person. When OPV transmission persists uninterrupted, vaccine-derived outbreaks occur. After OPV is no longer used in routine immunization, as with the cessation of type 2 OPV in 2016, population immunity will decline. A key question is how this affects the potential of OPV viruses to spread within and across communities. To address this, we examined the roles of immunity, sanitation, and social contact in limiting OPV transmission. Our results derive from an extensive review and synthesis of vaccine trial data and community epidemiological studies. Shedding, oral susceptibility to infection, and transmission data are analyzed to systematically explain and model observations of WPV and OPV circulation. We show that in high transmission rate settings, falling population immunity after OPV cessation will lead to conditions where OPV and WPV are similarly capable of causing outbreaks, and that this conclusion is compatible with the known safety of OPV prior to global cessation. Novel strategies will be required to ensure the stability of polio eradication for all time.

scholarly journals Isolation of an Intertypic Poliovirus Capsid Recombinant from a Child with Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (21) ◽  
pp. 10921-10928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Martín ◽  
Elena Samoilovich ◽  
Glynis Dunn ◽  
Angie Lackenby ◽  
Esphir Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antigenic Site ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Crossover Point ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT The isolation of a capsid intertypic poliovirus recombinant from a child with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis is described. Virus 31043 had a Sabin-derived type 3-type 2-type 1 recombinant genome with a 5′-end crossover point within the capsid coding region. The result was a poliovirus chimera containing the entire coding sequence for antigenic site 3a derived from the Sabin type 2 strain. The recombinant virus showed altered antigenic properties but did not acquire type 2 antigenic characteristics. The significance of the presence in nature of such poliovirus chimeras and the consequences for the current efforts to detect potentially dangerous vaccine-derived poliovirus strains are discussed in the context of the global polio eradication initiative.

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