scholarly journals Thermovision Analysis Changes of Human Hand Surface Temperature in Cold Pressor Test

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chwałczyńska ◽  
Katarzyna Gruszka ◽  
Ireneusz Całkosiński ◽  
Krzysztof A. Sobiech
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

The cold pressor test (CTP) as a diagnostic method of the circulatory system reactivity may be a basis for the qualification for thermal stimulation therapy. The aim of the work was a thermovisual assessment of the reaction to the Hines and Brown cold pressor test. A group of 30 healthy men in the age of 23.5 ± 0.8 years were examined. The average weight of the examinees was 78.4 ± 9.2 kg, their height 180.7 ± 5.9 cms, and BMI 23.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2. A thermovisual picture of a tested and not tested hand of all the subjects was taken before and after the cold pressor test. Under the influence of cold water the surface temperature of a tested hand has decreased in a statistically significant way by 8.3°C on average, which is 29% of the temperature before the test, whilst the temperature of an untested hand dropped by 0.67°C. The decreases of temperature were not even and there was a statistically significant difference between the dorsal and palmar side of the hand. The correlation between the changes of systolic blood pressure and the hand surface temperature before and after CTP was observed.

Differential pain modulation in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Gormsen ◽  
Flemming W. Bach ◽  
Raben Rosenberg ◽  
Troels S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Spontaneous Pain ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Pain Patients

AbstractBackgroundThe definition of neuropathic pain has recently been changed by the International Association for the Study of Pain. This means that conditions such as fibromyalgia cannot, as sometimes discussed, be included in the neuropathic pain conditions. However, fibromyalgia and peripheral neuropathic pain share common clinical features such as spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to external stimuli. Therefore, it is of interest to directly compare the conditions.Material and methodsIn this study we directly compared the pain modulation in neuropathic pain versus fibromyalgia by recording responses to a cold pressor test in 30 patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, 28 patients with fibromyalgia, and 26 pain-free age-and gender-matched healthy controls. Patients were asked to rate their spontaneous pain on a visual analog scale (VAS (0–100 mm) immediately before and immediately after the cold pressor test. Furthermore the duration (s) of extremity immersion in cold water was used as a measure of the pain tolerance threshold, and the perceived pain intensity at pain tolerance on the VAS was recorded on the extremity in the water after the cold pressor test. In addition, thermal (thermo tester) and mechanical stimuli (pressure algometer) were used to determine sensory detection, pain detection, and pain tolerance thresholds in different body parts. All sensory tests were done by the same examiner, in the same room, and with each subject in a supine position. The sequence of examinations was the following: (1) reaction time, (2) pressure thresholds, (3) thermal thresholds, and (4) cold pressor test. Reaction time was measured to ensure that psychomotoric inhibitions did not influence pain thresholds.ResultsPain modulation induced by a cold pressor test reduced spontaneous pain by 40% on average in neuropathic pain patients, but increased spontaneous pain by 2.6% in fibromyalgia patients. This difference between fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain patients was significant (P < 0.002). Fibromyalgia patients withdrew their extremity from the cold water significantly earlier than neuropathic pain patients and healthy controls; however, they had a higher perceived pain intensity on the VAS than neuropathic pain patients and control subjects. Furthermore, neuropathic pain patients had a localized hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in the affected area of the body. In contrast, fibromyalgia patients displayed a general hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli when the stimuli were rated by the VAS, and hypersensitivity to some of the sensory stimuli.ConclusionsThese findings are the first to suggest that a conditioning stimulus evoked by a cold pressor test reduced spontaneous ongoing pain in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, but not in fibromyalgia patients when directly compared. The current study supports the notion that fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain are distinct pain conditions with separate sensory patterns and dysfunctions in pain-modulating networks. Fibromyalgia should therefore not, as sometimes discussed, be included in NP conditions.ImplicationsOn the basis of the findings, it is of interest to speculate on the underlying mechanisms. The results are consistent with the idea that peripheral neuropathic pain is primarily driven from damaged nerve endings in the periphery, while chronic fibromyalgia pain may be a central disorder with increased activity in pain-facilitating systems.

scholarly journals Effect of Adrenomedullin on Cardiovascular Response to Sympathetic Autonomic Stress in Normotensive and Hypertensive Nigerians

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simiat Olanike Elias ◽  
Irene Yewande Bamgbade
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insignificant Correlation

Adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator with established cardio-protective potentials when the body is exposed to stress. Sympathetic autonomic stress can lead to systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity which is a predictor of stroke. This study was to determine the effect of Adrenomedullin on cardiovascular response to sympathetic autonomic stress using the Cold Pressor Test in normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) adults. Cardiovascular response to the CPT was measured among 30 NT and 30 HT participants, via blood pressure and heart rate before and after exposure to the cold pressor test (CPT). Plasma Adrenomedullin (ADM) was also determined by means of ELISA. Data were expressed as mean±S.E.M and statistical significance was accepted at 95% confidence interval. Exposure to CPT led to significant increases in SBP and DBP in both NT and HT participants with greater effect in HT (p<0.0001). Plasma Adrenomedullin was significantly higher among the NT but the difference on effect of response to CPT in both groups of participants was not significant. There was a negative and insignificant correlation between the ADM level and change in SBP and DBP among the NT participants but a positive and insignificant correlation with both SBP and DBP among the HT participants. We conclude that plasma Adrenomedullin may prevent the development of hypertension in black individuals.

Cardiovascular and autonomic responses to physiological stressors before and after six hours of water immersion

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1275-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Florian ◽  
Erin E. Simmons ◽  
Ki H. Chon ◽  
Luca Faes ◽  
Barbara E. Shykoff
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Maximum Strength ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Muscle Ischemia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Handgrip Test ◽  
Physiological Stressors

The physiological responses to water immersion (WI) are known; however, the responses to stress following WI are poorly characterized. Ten healthy men were exposed to three physiological stressors before and after a 6-h resting WI (32–33°C): 1) a 2-min cold pressor test, 2) a static handgrip test to fatigue at 40% of maximum strength followed by postexercise muscle ischemia in the exercising forearm, and 3) a 15-min 70° head-up-tilt (HUT) test. Heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), cardiac output (Q̇), limb blood flow (BF), stroke volume (SV), systemic and calf or forearm vascular resistance (SVR and CVR or FVR), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and HR variability (HRV) frequency-domain variables [low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and normalized (n)] were measured. Cold pressor test showed lower HR, SBP, SV, Q̇, calf BF, LFnHRV, and LF/HFHRV and higher CVR and HFnHRV after than before WI ( P < 0.05). Handgrip test showed no effect of WI on maximum strength and endurance and lower HR, SBP, SV, Q̇, and calf BF and higher SVR and CVR after than before WI ( P < 0.05). During postexercise muscle ischemia, HFnHRV increased from baseline after WI only, and LFnHRV was lower after than before WI ( P < 0.05). HUT test showed lower SBP, DBP, SV, forearm BF, and BRS and higher HR, FVR, LF/HFHRV, and LFnHRV after than before WI ( P < 0.05). The changes suggest differential activation/depression during cold pressor and handgrip (reduced sympathetic/elevated parasympathetic) and HUT (elevated sympathetic/reduced parasympathetic) following 6 h of WI.

scholarly journals Effects of Cold Stimulation Induced Pain on Cardiopulmonary Parameters: A Gender Based Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
R.K. Jha ◽  
S. Amatya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Cold Stimulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pressor Test

Background Cold pressor induced pain elicits sympathetic responses which can be monitored by measuring blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate after exposure to the cold stress. Objective This study was done to evaluate gender difference in acute pain induced by cold pressor test on blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of healthy individuals. Method Our study was cross sectional study with the sample size of 40 including 20 male and 20 female undergraduates. Acute pain was induced by immersion of hand in cold water at 4°C. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded by the digital sphygmomanometer and AD Instruments (Model: ML856, Serial: T26-4025) and analysis was done by Lab Chart 7 Pro v 7.3.3 respectively. Acute pain parameter like pain threshold was also recorded. Statistical analysis was done by using Paired “t” test and non-parametric test. Result The present study enrolled 40 participants, aged between 18 – 24 years, and body mass index from 15.78 – 36.06 kg/m2. The respiratory rate was increased in both males (17.30±3.19 to 19.0±3.21, P=0.01) and females (18.60±1.98 to 19.90±2.82, P= 0.01) however significant increase in heart rate was only found in females (77.80±8.07 to 80.70±7.80, P=0.03) after cold pressor test. The systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure did not increase significantly after cold pressor test. The pain thresholds ranged from 25.2 to 105.8 seconds (61.60±23.26, male Vs. 52.69±18.49, female, p = 0.188). Conclusion Our findings point towards autonomic adjustments suggesting more of sympathetic over activity immediately after cold pressor test.

How does interface influence the level of analgesia when Virtual Reality distraction is used?

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Piskorz ◽  
Marcin Czub ◽  
Katarzyna Urbańska ◽  
Małgorzata Mrula ◽  
Paweł Hodowaniec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Analgesic Efficacy ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Rotation Sensor ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract This study investigates the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) technology in distracting attention from pain. We tested how body engagement related to navigating the virtual environment (VE) influences the intensity of pain. Two different interfaces were used to play the same VE, and a cold pressor test was used for pain stimulation. A mixed design was used for the experiment. Sixty-six undergraduate students participated. One group navigated the game using a rotation sensor, head tracker and foot pedals (Body Movement Interface). Another group navigated only using their hands (Hand Movement Interface). Objective and subjective measures of pain were collected - the amount of time participants kept their hand in a container with cold water, and the participant’s assessment of the pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS). Participants also filled in questionnaires designed to measure feelings of presence in VE and emotional attitudes towards the game. We found no significant difference between the two used interfaces in their analgesic efficacy. In both groups during VR distraction, participants showed significantly higher levels of pain endurance than without VR distraction.

II. The Mecholyl Test

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (461) ◽  
pp. 553-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wawman ◽  
G. S. Claridge ◽  
M. H. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Pressor Test

The results obtained with the Cold Pressor test were considered by the authors to provide further, supporting, evidence that variations in sedation threshold are due, in part at least, to differences in autonomic responsiveness. Further investigation of the problem seemed justified, and in the next stage of the research it was decided to employ as a measure of autonomic lability the response to a drug rather than the cold water stressor.

scholarly journals Cold Pressor Test Influences the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Healthy Overweight Young Adults

Pulse ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Supaporn Kulthinee ◽  
Nitirut Nernpermpisooth ◽  
Montatip Poomvanicha ◽  
Jidapa Satiphop ◽  
Thizanamadee Chuang-ngu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Overweight Subjects

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> The cold pressor test (CPT) has been shown a potential sympathoexcitatory stimulus which increases aortic pulse wave velocity and the aortic augmentation index, suggesting that noninvasively, arterial stiffness parameters are altered by the CPT. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is widely used for reflecting arterial stiffness, and the ankle-brachial index (ABI) for evaluating peripheral artery disease in obesity. We aimed to assess CAVI and ABI in overweight young adults in the context of sympathetic activation by using the CPT. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> 160 participants were divided into 2 groups: 86 normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.50–22.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and 74 overweight (BMI ≥23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The CPT was performed by immersing a participant’s left hand into cold water (3–5°C) for 3 min, and CAVI and ABI assessment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> At baseline, the CAVI in the overweight group was significantly less than that in the normal-weight group (5.79 ± 0.85 vs. 6.10 ± 0.85; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) for overweight was significantly greater than that for normal-weight subjects (93.89 ± 7.31 vs. 91.10 ± 6.72; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). During the CPT, the CAVI increased in both normal-weight and overweight subjects, the CAVI value was greater during the CPT in overweight subjects by 14.36% (6.62 ± 0.95 vs. 5.79 ± 0.85, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) and in normal-weight subjects by 8.03% (6.59 ± 1.20 vs. 6.10 ± 0.85, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) than those baseline values. The CPT evoked an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), heart rate (HR,) and pulse pressure (PP) in both groups. After a 4-min CPT period, the CAVI returned values similar to the baseline values in both groups, and the SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP in overweight participants were significantly higher than those in normal-weight participants. However, there was no significant difference in the ABI at baseline, during CPT, and post-CPT in either group. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our results indicated that the CAVI was influenced by sympathetic activation response to the CPT in both normal-weight and overweight young adults. Specifically, during the CPT, the percentage change of the CAVI in overweight response was greater in normal-weight participants than baseline values in each group. The ABI was not found significantly associated with CPT. These findings suggesting that sympathoexcitatory stimulus by CPT influence CAVI results.

scholarly journals Cold pressor test in the rat: medullary and spinal pathways and neurotransmitters

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (4) ◽  
pp. H1780-H1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Nakamura ◽  
Kazumi Kawabe ◽  
Hreday N. Sapru
Keyword(s):  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Splanchnic Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Spinal Pathways ◽  
Pressor Test

This study was designed to delineate the medullary and spinal pathways mediating the cardiovascular responses to cold pressor test (CPT) and to identify neurotransmitters in these pathways. Experiments were done in barodenervated, urethane-anesthetized, male Wistar rats. The CPT was performed by immersing the limbs and ventral half of the body of the rat in ice-cold water (0.5°C) for 2 min. CPT elicited an immediate increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and greater splanchnic nerve activity (GSNA). Bilateral blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGLURs) in the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area (RVLM) significantly attenuated the CPT-induced responses. Bilateral blockade of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, but not iGLURs, in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb) significantly reduced the CPT-induced increases in HR, but not MAP. Blockade of spinal iGLURs caused a significant reduction in CPT-induced increases in MAP and GSNA, whereas the increases in HR were reduced to a lesser extent. Combination of the blockade of spinal iGLURs and bilateral vagotomy or intravenous atropine almost completely blocked CPT-induced tachycardia. Midcollicular decerebration significantly reduced CPT-induced increases in MAP and HR. These results indicated that: 1) CPT-induced increases in MAP, HR, and GSNA were mediated by activation of iGLURs in the RVLM and spinal cord, 2) activation of GABA receptors in the nAmb also contributed to the CPT-induced tachycardic responses, and 3) brain areas rostral to the brain stem also participated in the CPT-induced pressor and tachycardic responses.

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