scholarly journals Specific Proteins in Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: New Potential Tools

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Orduña ◽  
Antonia I. Castillo-Rodal ◽  
Martha E. Mercado ◽  
Samuel Ponce de León ◽  
Yolanda López-Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Diguanylate Cyclase ◽  
Comparative Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
The Common ◽  
Short Chain Dehydrogenase

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been isolated from water, soil, air, food, protozoa, plants, animals, and humans. Although most NTM are saprophytes, approximately one-third of NTM have been associated with human diseases. In this study, we did a comparative proteomic analysis among five NTM strains isolated from several sources. There were different numbers of protein spots fromM. gordonae(1,264),M. nonchromogenicumtype I (894),M. nonchromogenicumtype II (935),M. peregrinum(806), andM. scrofulaceum/Mycobacterium mantenii(1,486) strains, respectively. We identified 141 proteins common to all strains and specific proteins to each NTM strain. A total of 23 proteins were selected for its identification. Two of the common proteins identified (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR and diguanylate cyclase) did not align withM. tuberculosiscomplex protein sequences, which suggest that these proteins are found only in the NTM strains. Some of the proteins identified as common to all strains can be used as markers of NTM exposure and for the development of new diagnostic tools. Additionally, the specific proteins to NTM strains identified may represent potential candidates for the diagnosis of diseases caused by these mycobacteria.

scholarly journals FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvan L. Barach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intact Cell ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
The Common ◽  
Immunity Mechanism ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The antigenic function of a pneumococcus vaccine made from the intact cell was compared with that derived fron a watery extract of the cell free from formed elements. In each instance, the immunity produced was dependent upon type-specific protective substance and not upon the elaboration of the common protein antibody. 2. The vaccine made from the intact cell resulted in both active and passive immunity which began on the 3rd day, increased markedly to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. In the case of the Berkefeld filtrate of the shaken bacteria and the filtrate of the broth culture, the immunity began on the 4th day, increased to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. The immunity produced by Pneumococcus Type I vaccine is greater than that produced by Type II. On the 3rd day, mice vaccinated with Type I vaccine resisted 100,000 minimal lethal doses, whereas mice immunized with Type II resisted 10,000 minimal lethal doses. On the 5th day, a larger percentage of mice survived these doses than on the 3rd day. 3. Certain factors related to the preparation and dosage of the vaccine are discussed. 4. As far as the time interval and the degree of immunity produced are concerned, these results suggest the possibility of employing pneumococcus vaccine in suitable doses in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. That an earlier activity of the immunity mechanism could actually be initiated in a patient with lobar pneumonia has still to be demonstrated.

Role of common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc)– and Jak3-dependent signaling in the proliferation and survival of murine mast cells

Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 2172-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Suzuki ◽  
Hiroshi Nakajima ◽  
Norihiko Watanabe ◽  
Shin-ichiro Kagami ◽  
Akira Suto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cytokine Receptor ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Peritoneal Mast Cells ◽  
The Common

Abstract The regulatory roles of the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc)– and Jak3-dependent signaling in the proliferation and survival of mast cells were determined using γc-deficient (γc−) and Jak3-deficient (Jak3−) mice. Although the mast cells in γc− and Jak3− mice were morphologically indistinguishable from those in wild-type mice, the number of peritoneal mast cells was decreased in γc− and Jak3− mice as compared with that in wild-type mice. Among γc-related cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-9, but not IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15, enhanced the proliferation and survival of bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs) from wild-type mice. However, the effects of IL-4 and IL-9 were absent in BMMCs from γc− and Jak3−mice. In addition, IL-4Rα, γc, and Jak3, but not IL-2Rβ or IL-7Rα, were expressed in BMMCs. In contrast, IL-13 did not significantly induce the proliferation and survival of BMMCs even from wild-type mice, and IL-13Rα1 was not expressed in BMMCs. Furthermore, IL-4 phosphorylated the 65-kd isoform of Stat6 in BMMCs from wild-type mice but not from γc− and Jak3− mice. These results indicate that γc- and Jak3-dependent signaling is essential for IL-4– and IL-9–induced proliferation and survival of murine mast cells, that the effects of IL-4 are mediated by type I IL-4R and that type II IL-4R is absent on mast cells, and that IL-4 phosphorylates the 65-kd isoform of Stat6 in mast cells in a γc- and Jak3-dependent manner.

Field effect and the role of excitons in the photoconductivity of CdS

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Colbow ◽  
A. Jmaeff ◽  
K. Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Bombardment ◽  
Free Carrier ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Surface Field ◽  
Sensitive Function ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mechanical Surface

For many crystals of cadmium sulfide, the photoconductivity spectrum contains a great deal of structure due to excitons. In particular, two types of spectra have been found: type I, wherein photoconductivity maxima correspond to absorption maxima, and type II, wherein photoconductivity minima correspond to absorption maxima. Various methods have been used to change one type of response into the other, among them, heat treatment, mechanical surface treatment, electron bombardment, and ultraviolet irradiation. The evidence presented in this paper supports the view that the common denominator in all these treatments is the change in the electric field near the surface. The surface field is a sensitive function of defect concentration, adsorbed oxygen, and free carrier concentration.

Role of common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc)– and Jak3-dependent signaling in the proliferation and survival of murine mast cells

Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 2172-2180
Author(s):  
Kotaro Suzuki ◽  
Hiroshi Nakajima ◽  
Norihiko Watanabe ◽  
Shin-ichiro Kagami ◽  
Akira Suto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cytokine Receptor ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Peritoneal Mast Cells ◽  
The Common

The regulatory roles of the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc)– and Jak3-dependent signaling in the proliferation and survival of mast cells were determined using γc-deficient (γc−) and Jak3-deficient (Jak3−) mice. Although the mast cells in γc− and Jak3− mice were morphologically indistinguishable from those in wild-type mice, the number of peritoneal mast cells was decreased in γc− and Jak3− mice as compared with that in wild-type mice. Among γc-related cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-9, but not IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15, enhanced the proliferation and survival of bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs) from wild-type mice. However, the effects of IL-4 and IL-9 were absent in BMMCs from γc− and Jak3−mice. In addition, IL-4Rα, γc, and Jak3, but not IL-2Rβ or IL-7Rα, were expressed in BMMCs. In contrast, IL-13 did not significantly induce the proliferation and survival of BMMCs even from wild-type mice, and IL-13Rα1 was not expressed in BMMCs. Furthermore, IL-4 phosphorylated the 65-kd isoform of Stat6 in BMMCs from wild-type mice but not from γc− and Jak3− mice. These results indicate that γc- and Jak3-dependent signaling is essential for IL-4– and IL-9–induced proliferation and survival of murine mast cells, that the effects of IL-4 are mediated by type I IL-4R and that type II IL-4R is absent on mast cells, and that IL-4 phosphorylates the 65-kd isoform of Stat6 in mast cells in a γc- and Jak3-dependent manner.

scholarly journals Why Have Detection, Understanding and Management of Kidney Hypoxic Injury Lagged Behind those for the Heart?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaid Abassi ◽  
Seymour Rosen ◽  
Simon Lamothe ◽  
Samuel N. Heyman
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Warm Ischemia ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Type I ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hypoxic Injury ◽  
Use Of Models

The outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has dramatically improved over recent decades, thanks to early detection and prompt interventions to restore coronary blood flow. In contrast, the prognosis of patients with hypoxic acute kidney injury (AKI) remained unchanged over the years. Delayed diagnosis of AKI is a major reason for this discrepancy, reflecting the lack of symptoms and diagnostic tools indicating at real time altered renal microcirculation, oxygenation, functional derangement and tissue injury. New tools addressing these deficiencies, such as biomarkers of tissue damage are yet far less distinctive than myocardial biomarkers and advanced functional renal imaging technologies are non-available in the clinical practice. Moreover, our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms likely suffers from conceptual errors, generated by the extensive use of the wrong animal model, namely warm ischemia and reperfusion. This model parallels mechanistically type I AMI, which properly represents the rare conditions leading to renal infarcts, whereas common scenarios leading to hypoxic AKI parallel physiologically type II AMI, with tissue hypoxic damage generated by altered oxygen supply/demand equilibrium. Better understanding the pathogenesis of hypoxic AKI and its management requires a more extensive use of models of type II-rather than type I hypoxic AKI.

Using a Monoclonal Antibody to Identify Patients with Type I and Type II von Willebrand’s Disease

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (03) ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D Hall ◽  
Dean W Willis ◽  
Bruce L Evatt ◽  
Debra W Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Basic Subunit ◽  
Conformational Epitopes ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ristocetin Cofactor ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryThree monoclonal antibodies produced against vWF:Ag by conventional hybridoma technique did not inhibit factor VIII coagulant activity (F.VIII:C) but did inhibit VIII ristocetin cofactor activity. The antibodies were used in an indirect competitive ELISA for quantifying von Willebrand’s antigen (vWF: Ag) and compared with values obtained by the Laurell technique using commercial antibody by means of a ratio: ELISA/Laurell. For one monoclonal BD2-CC9, vWF:Ag values obtained in the two assays were in good agreement for normal and hemophilia A plasmas (normal, n = 19, ratio = 1.13 ± .17, hemophilia A, n = 10, ratio = 0.91 ± .15). However, type II vWD patients had a disproportionately low value of vWF: Ag with the ELISA. Use of the ratio normalized the difference among individual plasma values and allowed a significant separation of type II vWD plasma (n = 9, ratio = 0.46 ± .19) from normal plasma (p = .0001) and type I vWD plasma (n = 8, ratio = 1.52 ± .34) from type II vWD plasma (p = .0003) using BD2-CC9. Although the sample size was small, the greater degree of discrimination among the vWD plasmas tested with BD2-CC9 (compared with the other two antibodies [CA3-AE4, CC6-BG10]) suggests that this antibody may recognize conformational epitopes that reflect the degree of multimeric polymerization of the vWF molecule rather than simply recognize a decreased number of antigenic sites in a basic subunit. BD2-CC9 may be valuable in investigating the various types of vWD and/or the process of polymerization of this complex protein.

Irregular stanzaic form in A.A. Grigoriev’s lyrics

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Lev A. Trakhtenberg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Line Length ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Russian Poetry ◽  
The Common ◽  
Rhyme Scheme

The paper shows that Apollon Grigoryev’s lyrics is characterized by various deviations from the common stanza model. A typology of such deviations is suggested. They fall into three basic types. Type I, varying rhyme scheme, has several forms. In the first form, one or two stanzas do not fall in line with most others, which share a common structure. Stanza length is more often stable, but it may also vary. The graphic stanza break is not always present. In the second form, none of the stanza schemes is predominant; in addition, stanza length varies. Free rhyme may be viewed as the third form. In type II, metre varies, altering line length, anacrusis and adding hypercatalectic lines. In type III, rhyme scheme, stanza length and metre vary simultaneously. Perhaps Grigoryev associates this poetic device with heightened expression typical of his lyrics. At the same time, this feature of Grigoryev’s stanzaic form may be interpreted as one of the steps towards the renewal of Russian poetry in the Postromantic period.

Antiviral response and induction of specific proteins in cells treated with immune T (type II) interferon analogous to that from viral interferon (type I)-treated cells

Virology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ara G. Hovanessian ◽  
Eliane Meurs ◽  
Odile Aujean ◽  
Catherine Vaquero ◽  
Simon Stefanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
In Cells
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