Tree Species Diversity, Richness, and Similarity in Intact and Degraded Forest in the Tropical Rainforest of the Congo Basin: Case of the Forest of Likouala in the Republic of Congo

Trees species diversity, richness, and similarity were studied in fifteen plots of the tropical rainforests in the northeast of the Republic of Congo, based on trees inventories conducted on fifteen 0.25 ha plots installed along different types of forests developed on terra firma, seasonally flooded, and on flooded terra. In all of the plots installed, all trees with diameter at breast height, DBH ≥ 5 cm, were measured. The Shannon diversity index, species richness, equitability, and species dominance were computed to see the variation in tree community among plots but also between primary forest and secondary forest. A total of 1611 trees representing 114 species and 35 families were recorded from a total area of 3.75 ha. Euphorbiaceae was the dominant family in the forest with 12 species, followed by Fabaceae-Mimosoideae (10 species) and Phyllanthaceae (6 species) and Guttiferae (6 species). The biodiversity did not vary greatly from plot to plot on the whole of the study area (3.75 ha). The low value of Shannon index was obtained in plot 11 (H′=0.75) whereas the highest value was obtained in plot 12 (H′=4.46). The values of this index vary from 0.23 to 0.95 in plots P11 and P15, respectively. Results obtained revealed high biodiversity of trees of the forest of Impfondo-Dongou. The information on tree species structure and function can provide baseline information for conservation of the biodiversity of the tropical forest in this area.

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Amount of Soil Carbon Stock within Primary and Secondary Forest in the North of the Republic of Congo

Sustainability in Environment ◽

10.22158/se.v2n2p159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

Suspense Averti IFO ◽

Félix Koubouana ◽

Stoffenne Binsangou ◽

Ampali Parfait ◽

Batsa Marcelle

Keyword(s):

Carbon Stock ◽

Secondary Forest ◽

Primary Forest ◽

Republic Of Congo ◽

Soil C ◽

Soil Carbon Stock ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

The Republic ◽

Land Types

The amount of carbon stock under different land type’s cover was studied in the north east of Republic of Congo. Samples of soil from the surface 0-15 cm horizon were collected under 12 land types classes. Results showed that the lowest soil C was noted in flooded primary forests of Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertu. With an amount of 17.21 t C ha-1, and the highest values were noted in the savanna of Jardinea congoensis with an amount of 117.6 t C ha-1 and the primary forest of Guibourtia demeusei (Harms) Léon. With 116.16 t C ha-1 (p < 0.05).Our study revealed the importance of carbon stock in different type of land in tropical area to reduce the emission of CO2 from the conversion of forestland to another type of land.

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Comparation study of soil genetic diversity of bacteria and fungi in different vegetation successions in a karst of Guizhou province, China

Acta Carsologica ◽

10.3986/ac.v50i2-3.7684 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (2-3) ◽

Author(s):

Yidong Mi ◽

Hongda Fang ◽

Tao Peng ◽

Min Zhou ◽

Xinru Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Secondary Forest ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Karst Area ◽

Primary Forest ◽

Karst Areas ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

To study the soil genetic diversity of bacteria and fungi in different vegetation successions (grassland, shrubbery, primary forest and secondary forest) from the karst area, the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technology was applied. The results showed that: (1) the diversity of bacterial communities and the fungal communities in karst area were higher than non karst area in each vegetation succession. Compared with the survey from bacterial (the Shannon index was 2.97 in primary forest, 2.91 in secondary forest, 3.18 in shrubbery, 3.14 in grassland and 2.68 in non karst), fungal diversity between karst areas (the Shannon index was 3.56 in primary forest, 3.78 in secondary forest, 3.73 in shrubbery and 3.70 in grassland) and non karst areas (the Shannon index was 3.08) was more evident, which may be related to the alterations of the composition of plant community and the source of carbon in soil with the vegetation succession of karst ecosystem; (2) The comparation of bacterial diversity index and the richness comprehensively evaluated as follows: shrubbery > grassland > primary forest > nsecondary forest. The diversity index and the richness of fungal communities was as follows: secondary forest > shrubbery > grassland > primary forest. The results suggest that the fungal communities have been greatly changed via vegetation successions, but the diversity index and the richness of the bacterial communities have not been seriously affected. The results provide scientific basis for understanding karst surface ecosystem, which contributes to the future aim of protecting the karst from desertification.

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Evaluating Multi-Sensors Spectral and Spatial Resolutions for Tree Species Diversity Prediction

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13051033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1033

Author(s):

Enoch Gyamfi-Ampadu ◽

Michael Gebreslasie ◽

Alma Mendoza-Ponce

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Sentinel 2

Forests contribute significantly to terrestrial biodiversity conservation. Monitoring of tree species diversity is vital due to climate change factors. Remote sensing imagery is a means of data collection for predicting diversity of tree species. Since various sensors have different spectral and spatial resolutions, it is worth comparing them to ascertain which could influence the accuracy of prediction of tree species diversity. Hence, this study evaluated the influence of the spectral and spatial resolutions of PlanetScope, RapidEye, Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 images in diversity prediction based on the Shannon diversity index (H′), Simpson diversity Index (D1) and Species richness (S). The Random Forest regression was applied for the prediction using the spectral bands of the sensors as variables. The Sentinel 2 was the best image, producing the highest coefficient of determination (R2) under both the Shannon Index (R2 = 0.926) and the Species richness (R2 = 0.923). Both the Sentinel and RapidEye produced comparable higher accuracy for the Simpson Index (R2 = 0.917 and R2 = 0.915, respectively). The PlanetScope was the second-accurate for the Species richness (R2 = 0.90), whiles the Landsat 8 was the least accurate for the three diversity indices. The outcomes of this study suggest that both the spectral and spatial resolutions influence prediction accuracies of satellite imagery.

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TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN A PRISTINE MONTANE FOREST PREVIOUSLY UNTOUCHED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN FOJA MOUNTAINS, PAPUA, INDONESIA

REINWARDTIA ◽

10.14203/reinwardtia.v17i2.3546 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Asep Sadili ◽

Kuswata Kartawinata ◽

Herwasono Soedjito ◽

Edy Nasriadi Sambas

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Human Activities ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Basal Area ◽

Montane Forest ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Importance Value ◽

Montane Forests ◽

Species Area

ADILI, A., KARTAWINATA, K., SOEDJITO, H. & SAMBAS, E. N. 2018. Tree species diversity in a pristine montane forest previously untouched by human activities in Foja Mountains, Papua, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 17(2): 133‒154. ‒‒ A study on structure and composition of the pristine montane forest previously untouched by human activities was conducted at the Foja Mountains in November 2008. We established a one-hectare plot divided into 100 subplots of 10 m × 10 m each. We enumerated all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm which diameters were measured, heights were estimated and habitats were noted. We recorded 59 species, 42 genera and 27 families, comprising 693 trees with the total basal area (BA) of 41.35 m2/ha. The forest had lower species richness compared to those of lowland forests in Kalimantan, and Sumatra and montane forests in West Java. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index was 3.22. Nothofagus rubra (Importance Value, IV=47.89%) and Parinari corymbosa (IV=40.3%) were the dominant species, constituting the basis for designating the forest as the Nothofagus rubra - Parinari corymbosa association. To date, the dominance of N. rubra is unique to the Foja Mountains, as elsewhere in Papua the montane forests were dominated by N. pullei or other species. The species-area curve indicated a minimal area of 5000 m2. On the family level Fagaceae (IV=53.23%), Chrysobalanaceae (IV=40.53%) and Myristicaceae (IV=26.43%) were dominant. Verti-cally the forest consisted of four strata (A–D). In each stratum Nothofagus rubra, Platea latifolia, Parinari corymbosa and Myristica hollrungii were dominant. The diameter class distribution of Nothofagus rubra, Parinari corymbosa and Platea latifolia led us to assume that these species were regenerating well.

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Tree species diversity in the forest of Renikhayong para village in Bandarban, Bangladesh: a case study

Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management ◽

10.3329/jbcbm.v5i2.44922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 115-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M Jannat ◽

M Kamruzzaman ◽

MA Hossain ◽

MK Hossain

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Tree Height ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Height Range ◽

Hill District ◽

Number Of Individuals

The study was conducted to explore tree species diversity of Renikhayong para Village Common Forest (VCF) of Bandarban hill district. Stratified random sampling was carried out to assess the tree species diversity of the VCF. Renikhayong Para VCF with an area of 40 acres of land has more than 85 tree species belonging to 31 families, where Euphorbiaceae family was dominant containing 11 species followed by Rubiaceae (7 species), Moraceae (7 species), Meliaceae (5 species), Mimosaceae (5 species), Combretaceae (4 species), Lauraceae (4 species) and Anacardiaceae (3 species). Dominant tree species was Grewia nervosa. Renikhayong para VCF has diverse floristic resources that are known from the Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (4.007), Simpson’s diversity index (0.028), Margalef’s richness index (13.21) and Species evenness index (0.90). However, number of species and number of individuals both were highest in the height range of 5 - <10 m. Similar trend was observed in dbh classes. Number of individuals were highest in dbh range of 5 - <15 cm and the lowest in ≥ 55 cm. The results depict the presence of maximum small trees in the VCF and decreasing the number of trees with the increase of tree height (m) and dbh (cm). Presence of diverse tree species and diversity indices indicate the importance and potential of the VCF for conservation and sustainable use. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(2): 115-126

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Deep Learning Approaches for the Mapping of Tree Species Diversity in a Tropical Wetland Using Airborne LiDAR and High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10111047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1047 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ying Sun ◽

Jianfeng Huang ◽

Zurui Ao ◽

Dazhao Lao ◽

Qinchuan Xin

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Tree Species ◽

High Spatial Resolution ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Rgb Images

The monitoring of tree species diversity is important for forest or wetland ecosystem service maintenance or resource management. Remote sensing is an efficient alternative to traditional field work to map tree species diversity over large areas. Previous studies have used light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral or multispectral remote sensing) for species richness prediction. The recent development of very high spatial resolution (VHR) RGB images has enabled detailed characterization of canopies and forest structures. In this study, we developed a three-step workflow for mapping tree species diversity, the aim of which was to increase knowledge of tree species diversity assessment using deep learning in a tropical wetland (Haizhu Wetland) in South China based on VHR-RGB images and LiDAR points. Firstly, individual trees were detected based on a canopy height model (CHM, derived from LiDAR points) by the local-maxima-based method in the FUSION software (Version 3.70, Seattle, USA). Then, tree species at the individual tree level were identified via a patch-based image input method, which cropped the RGB images into small patches (the individually detected trees) based on the tree apexes detected. Three different deep learning methods (i.e., AlexNet, VGG16, and ResNet50) were modified to classify the tree species, as they can make good use of the spatial context information. Finally, four diversity indices, namely, the Margalef richness index, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, the Simpson diversity index, and the Pielou evenness index, were calculated from the fixed subset with a size of 30 × 30 m for assessment. In the classification phase, VGG16 had the best performance, with an overall accuracy of 73.25% for 18 tree species. Based on the classification results, mapping of tree species diversity showed reasonable agreement with field survey data (R2Margalef = 0.4562, root-mean-square error RMSEMargalef = 0.5629; R2Shannon–Wiener = 0.7948, RMSEShannon–Wiener = 0.7202; R2Simpson = 0.7907, RMSESimpson = 0.1038; and R2Pielou = 0.5875, RMSEPielou = 0.3053). While challenges remain for individual tree detection and species classification, the deep-learning-based solution shows potential for mapping tree species diversity.

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Forest regeneration in northeastern Poland following a catastrophic blowdown

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2014-0507 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 1172-1182 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Dorota Dobrowolska

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Natural Regeneration ◽

Large Scale ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Height ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Species Structure ◽

Tree Vitality

The aims of the investigation were to (i) quantify the changes in natural regeneration and stand structure, (ii) determine the role of deadwood in the process of regeneration following the disturbance, and (iii) determine the effect of disturbance severity on tree recruitment. The study was conducted in the Szast Protected Forest, which was established after a blowdown in 2002. The results showed that the trees were mainly wind-snapped. The basal area of the slightly disturbed stands increased over time. Herb cover increased, whereas moss cover decreased in 2011. The disturbance severity influenced the density of tree species regeneration, moss and herb ground cover, species diversity, average tree height, tree vitality, and damage caused by herbivores. The density of natural regeneration increased and new species became established after the disturbance. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was the dominant tree species during the regeneration process except in the severely disturbed stand from which wood had been removed; in this case, birch was the dominant species. Wind disturbance increased species diversity and created a new forest with a particular species structure and trees that varied in age and height. The results of this study will be useful for foresters and policymakers to change the existing approaches to large-scale disturbances in the Polish forests.

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Species structure in Zambian miombo woodland

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467400001838 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 109-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

E. N. Chidumayo

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Species Density ◽

Species Structure ◽

Miombo Woodland ◽

Species Diversity Index ◽

Old Growth ◽

Number Of Species ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACTMiombo woodland in Zambia is divided into wetter and drier types by the 1100 mm mean rainfall isohyet. In the present study two wetter (Northern, Northwestern) and three drier (Central, Eastern, Western) miombo subtypes were recognized.A survey of the woody flora of 94 old-growth and 58 coppice stands in the five miombo subtypes revealed some significant differences in species diversity among them. The floristic differentiantion of miombo subtypes was best achieved by the use of the Shannon species diversity index (H′) and species density (number of species 0.1 ha−1 or 0.4 ha−1). H′ in miombo decreased from 2.247 in Northwestern to 2.136 in Northern, 2.052 in Eastern, 1.918 in Central and 1.824 in Western subtypes. Although species density was not significantly different between wetter miombo subtypes, this decreased in a similar fashion from 18.78 0.1 ha−1 in Northwestern to 18.30 in Northern, 16.65 in Eastern, 14.79 in Central and 12.29 in Western subtypes. The low species diversity in Western drier miombo was attributed to the combined effects of low soil fertility and rainfall.Although the mean number of species per 0.1 ha plot was higher in coppice samples, species richness (d) and index of diversity (H′) were lower than in old-growth samples. These results indicate lower species diversity in regenerating miombo. The dynamic aspects of species structure should therefore be considered in the future conservation of biological diversity in miombo woodland.

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Distribusi Dan Diversitas Serangga Tanah Di Taman Hutan Raya Gunung Tumpa Sulawesi Utara

Jurnal MIPA ◽

10.35799/jm.6.1.2017.16082 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mailani Basna ◽

Roni Koneri ◽

Adelfia Papu

Keyword(s):

Secondary Forest ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pitfall Trap ◽

Primary Forest ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Insect Distribution ◽

Soil Insects ◽

Positive Effect

Serangga tanah merupakan jenis dari serangga yang seluruh atau sebagian hidupnya berada di tanah. Serangga tanah berperan penting dalam ekosistem yaitu membantu proses pelapukan bahan organik dan keberadaan serta aktivitasnya berpengaruh positif terhadap sifat kimia fisik tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji distribusi dan diversitas serangga tanah di Gunung Tumpa, Sulawesi Utara. Lokasi pengambilan sampel terdiri dari tiga tipe habitat yaitu, hutan primer, hutan sekunder dan lahan perkebunan. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan perangkap sumuran (Pitfall trap). Hasil penelitian ditemukan serangga tanah sebanyak 10 ordo, 23 famili, 28 genus, 33 morfospesies dan 21100 individu. Ordo Hymenoptera didominasi oleh famili Formicidae. Pola distribusi serangga tanah di Gunung Tumpa berkelompok. Indeks diversitas spesies di Gunung Tumpa tergolong sedang (H = 2,62). Kelimpahan spesies dan indeks diversitas spesies serangga tanah tertinggi ditemukan pada hutan primer, sedangkan yang terendah pada lahan perkebunan dan hutan sekunder.Soil Insects is a type of insect that all or part of his life was on the ground. Soil insects plays an important role in the ecosystem that is helping the process of weathering and the presence of organic matter as well as its activities towards the positive effect of physical chemical properties of the soil. This research aims to identify, examine the distribution and diversity of insects land on Mount Tumpa, North Sulawesi. Location of sampling consists of three types of habitat i.e., primary forest, secondary forest and plantations. The technique of sampling using Pitfall trap. Results of the study found as many as 10 soil insect orders, 23 families, 28 genera, 33 morfospesies and 21100 individuals. The order of Hymenoptera is dominated by the Formicidae. The pattern of soil insect distribution in Gunung Tumpa is clumped. Index of species diversity in Mt. Tumpa belongs to moderate (H = 2.62). The highest abudance and diversity index of soil insect species were found in primary forest, while the lowest was on plantation and secondary forest.

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Tree Species Diversity and Abundance of Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v25i8.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1415-1419

Author(s):

O.M. Ogundele ◽

P.O. Ige ◽

Y.T. Owoeye ◽

D.E. Abanikanda ◽

O.O. Komolafe

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Forest Reserve ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Permanent Sample Plot ◽

Ondo State

This study was carried out to examine the tree species diversity and abundance in a natural forest ecosystem in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. Data were collected from a four equal size sampling plot of 50×50m in a permanent sample plot section of Akure Forest Reserve. All living trees with DBH ≥ 10cm were measured and identified. A total of 956 trees were encountered. These trees were from 42 genera and 20 families. Celtis zenkeri belonging to the family of Ulmaceae was the species with the highest population distribution while Sterculiaceae was the dominant family in the study area. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (Hˈ) of 3.196 and species evenness of 0.84 were obtained from the study area. The high values of diversity indices obtained indicated that the forest is rich in biodiversity and hence should be protected from any forms of disturbance to enhance sustainability as well as protect the rare species in it from going into extinction.

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