scholarly journals Purification, Preliminary Characterization, and Immunological Activity of Polysaccharides from Crude Drugs of Sijunzi Formula

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfei Ji ◽  
Ruijun Wang ◽  
Ying Peng ◽  
Chongsheng Peng ◽  
Xiaobo Li
Keyword(s):  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Spleen Deficiency ◽  
Radix Glycyrrhizae ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) is a conventional prescription for curing spleen deficiency in Traditional Chinese Medicine and polysaccharide is its main ingredient. In order to explore the effective ingredients contributing to the immunological activity of SJZD, we isolated and purified seven homogeneous polysaccharides from Radix Ginseng (RS-3-1 and RS-3-2), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (BZ-3-1, BZ-3-2, and BZ-3-3), Poria (FL-3-1), and Radix Glycyrrhizae (GC-3-1) decoctions, respectively. The molecular weight of seven homogeneous polysaccharides ranged from 5.42 × 104 to 5.65 × 104 Da. Monosaccharide composition determined by GC-MS analysis showed that these polysaccharides were primarily composed of Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, and Gal with various ratios. Immunological activity assay revealed that polysaccharides from four crude drug components of SJZD displayed inhibitory effects on the complement system. RS-3-1, BZ-3-1, FL-3-1, and GC-3-1 could significantly enhance the phagocytosis and increase the NO production and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) level in RAW 264.7 cells (p<0.05). These results demonstrated the immunological activities of these polysaccharides from the four crude drugs. This study supports the therapeutic effect of SJZD in clinical use and is essential for further identification the immunopolysaccharide from SJZD decoction.

Urea inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophage cell line

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (6) ◽  
pp. C1882-C1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharma S. Prabhakar ◽  
Guillermo A. Zeballos ◽  
Martin Montoya-Zavala ◽  
Claire Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
No Production ◽  
Uremic Toxin ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Macrophage Dysfunction ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Inducible Nitric Oxide

Macrophage dysfunction is considered an important contributory factor for increased propensity of infections in uremia. Because nitric oxide (NO) is believed to be an effector molecule of macrophage cytotoxicity, we propose that the dysfunction may be related to impaired NO synthesis. To verify this hypothesis, we evaluated macrophage NO synthesis in the presence of urea, a compound that accumulates in renal failure and is believed by some to be a uremic toxin. Macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) were incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide to induce NO synthesis, whereas the test groups had various concentrations of urea in addition. NO synthesis was measured by assaying the supernatant for nitrites and nitrates by chemiluminescence. We observed that urea consistently produced a dose-dependent reversible inhibition of inducible NO production in macrophages, whereas parathormone, another toxin retained in uremia, had no such inhibitory effects. Further studies revealed that mRNA for inducible NO synthase was not inhibited by urea. We thus conclude that urea inhibits inducible NO synthesis in macrophages by a posttranscriptional mechanism and that this may be important in macrophage dysfunction of uremia.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory activity of pectic enzyme-treated pectin on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cian-Song Huang ◽  
Qiao-Lin Li ◽  
Diana Lo ◽  
Yuh-Tai Wang ◽  
Ming-Chang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Pectic Enzyme ◽  
Western Blot Method ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Normal Macrophage

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability and pathway of the pectic enzyme-treated (PET) pectin to inhibit the inflammation of macrophage RAW 264.7 induced by lipopolysaccharide. Results showed that PET-pectin produced from 1% substrate and 48 h reaction time had the highest antioxidative activity, thus these parameters were used to produce PET-pectin used in this study. PET-pectin showed no cell cytotoxicity to normal macrophage RAW 264.7 and reduce the nitrite secretion from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 by 20%. Finally, the expression of cytokines, including NO synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were analyzed by western blot. In the western blot method, it was found that iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, TNF-α and other proteins that activated NO production had a downtrend. It was found that PET-pectin possess promising activity to mitigate the inflammatory response.

Lathyrane-Type Diterpenoids from the Seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L. with Inhibitory Effects on NO Production in RAW 264.7 Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e1800144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Woo Lee ◽  
Qinghao Jin ◽  
Hari Jang ◽  
Jun Gu Kim ◽  
Dongho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Euphorbia Lathyris

Tetrahydroprotoberberine N-oxides from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on NO production in RAW 264.7 cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Thi Phuong Linh Le ◽  
Jin Woo Lee ◽  
Jun Gu Kim ◽  
Jae Sang Han ◽  
Haeun Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Chelidonium Majus ◽  
Inhibitory Effects

scholarly journals A New β-Carboline Alkaloid From the Aerial Part of Hedyotis capitellata

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110477
Author(s):  
Le Thi Huyen ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thu Hau ◽  
Hoang Son Vu ◽  
Nguyen Thi Lan Huyen ◽  
Bui Huu Tai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Part ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
A Value ◽  
Control Compound

A new β-carboline alkaloid, 10-hydroxy-capitelline (1) together with three known anthraquinones, hedanthroside B (2), hedanthroside C (3), and rubiadin (4) were isolated from the aerial part methanol extract of Hedyotis capitellata. Their structures were established by spectroscopic data (one-dimensional, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D, 2D-NMR) and high-resolution-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, HR-ESI-MS) and comparison with those reported in the literature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds is evaluated by their inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. At a concentration of 20 µM, compounds 1 to 4 showed weak inhibitory effects on NO production with inhibitory values ranging from 1.2% to 23.9% compared to a value of 74.5% for the positive control compound, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA).

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Polygala arillata and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xiang ◽  
Guo-Dong Zhang ◽  
Fang-Yi Li ◽  
Teng-long Wang ◽  
Tong-Chuan Suo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleanolic Acid ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Sinapic Acid ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

A new compound, named arillatanoside E, which was elucidated as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-(4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester, along with 11 known compounds was isolated from the ethanolic extract of the roots of Polygala arillata. The 11 known compounds were identified as oleanolic acid (2), 3′-E-3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamoyl-6-benzoyl sucrose (3), trans-ferulic acid (4), trans-feruloyl-glucoside (5), feruloyl-glucoside (6), 2,4,6-trimethoxy-1-O-β-D-glycoside (7), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (8), monopentadecanoin (9), sinapic acid (10), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (11), and palmitic acid (12). Among them, seven isolated compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10 exhibited little cytotoxic activity on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Then, the inhibitory effects of 7 isolates on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages were evaluated. As a result, 3 compounds have significant anti-inflammatory activity, and they were arillatanoside E (1), oleanolic acid (2), and 2,4,6-trimethoxy-1-O-β-D-glycoside (7).

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characterization of Polysaccharides with Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activities Isolated from Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zheng ◽  
Mengyue Wang ◽  
Ying Peng ◽  
Xiaobo Li
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Molecular Ratio

In this study, four polysaccharide fractions designated as RGP1, RGP2, RGP3, and RGP4 were isolated from red ginseng by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography, and their macrophage immunomodulatory activities were investigated. The results revealed that the proliferation, NO production, and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in groups treated with RGP1 and RGP2 in vitro were increased significantly compared to RGP3 and RGP4. In addition, the level of TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells was significantly increased in RGP1 and RGP2 groups. All the results consistently indicated that polysaccharide fractions RGP1 and RGP2 had strong macrophage immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, RGP1 and RGP2 were purified by Sephadex G-100 column and RGP2 was further fractionated into a homogeneous fraction RGP2-1, with the molecular weight of 2.16 × 104 Da. The analysis of monosaccharide composition revealed that RGP1 was composed of arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a relative molecular ratio of 0.02 : 0.88 : 0.10. RGP2-1 was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a relative molecular ratio of 0.02 : 0.10 : 0.77 : 0.11. These results provided evidences that the neutral polysaccharide fractions RGP1 and RGP2 possessed significant immunomodulatory activity and could be explored as a promising natural immunomodulating agent applied in functional foods or medicines.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Potencies of Several Iridoids on Cyclooxygenase-1, Cyclooxygnase-2 Enzymes Activities, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Nitric Oxide ProductionIn Vitro

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Sik Park ◽  
Bong Hyun Kim ◽  
Il-Moo Chang
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Α ◽  
Iridoid Glycoside ◽  
No Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Cox 1

To verify the anti-inflammatory potency of iridoids, seven iridoid glucosides (aucubin, catalpol, gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, geniposide, geniposidic acid and loganin) and an iridoid aglycone (genipin) were investigated within vitrotesting model systems based on inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/-2 enzymes, the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) formation and nitric oxide (NO) production. The hydrolyzed-iridoid products (H-iridoid) with β-gludosidase treatment only showed inhibitory activities, and revealed different potencies, depending on their chemical structures. Without the β-gludosidase treatment, no single iridoid glycoside exhibited any activities. The aglycone form (genipin) also did not show inhibitory activities. To compare anti-inflammatory potency, the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in each testing system were measured. The hydrolyzed-aucubin product (H-aucubin) with β-gludosidase treatment showed a moderate inhibition on COX-2 with IC50of 8.83 μM, but much less inhibition (IC50, 68.9 μM) on COX-1 was noted. Of the other H-iridoid products, the H-loganin and the H-geniposide exhibited higher inhibitory effects on COX-1, revealing IC50values of 3.55 and 5.37 μM, respectively. In the case of TNF-α assay, four H-iridoid products: H-aucubin, H-catalpol, H-geniposide and H-loganin suppressed the TNF-α formation with IC50values of 11.2, 33.3, 58.2 and 154.6 μM, respectively. But other H-iridoid products manifested no significant activity. Additional experiments on NO production were conducted. We observed that only the H-aucubin exhibited a significant suppression with IC50value of 14.1 μM. Genipin, an agycone form, showed no inhibitory effects on all testing models, implying the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond of iridoid glycoside is a pre-requisite step to produce various biological activities.

scholarly journals Comparing the protective effects of resveratrol, curcumin and sulforaphane against LPS/IFN-γ-mediated inflammation in doxorubicin-treated macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidy A. Saleh ◽  
Eman Ramdan ◽  
Mohey M. Elmazar ◽  
Hassan M. E. Azzazy ◽  
Anwar Abdelnaser
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Inos Mrna ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy is associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. This has been suggested to be, in part, due to DOX-mediated leakage of endotoxins from gut microflora, which activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in macrophages, causing severe inflammation. However, the direct function of DOX on macrophages is still unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that DOX alone is incapable of stimulating inflammatory response in macrophages. Then, we compared the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin (CUR), resveratrol (RES) and sulforaphane (SFN) against lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-γ)-mediated inflammation in the absence or presence of DOX. For this purpose, RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL/10 U/mL) in the absence or presence of DOX (0.1 µM). Our results showed that DOX alone is incapable of stimulating an inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, after 24 h of incubation with LPS/IFN-γ, a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels was observed. Similarly, nitric oxide (NO) production and TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels were significantly upregulated. Moreover, in LPS/IFN-γ-treated macrophages, the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-21 were significantly overexpressed. Interestingly, upon testing CUR, RES, and SFN against LPS/IFN-γ-mediated inflammation, only SFN was able to significantly reverse the LPS/IFN-γ-mediated induction of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 and attenuate miR-146a and miR-155 levels. In conclusion, SFN, at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, exhibits potent immunomodulatory action against LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages, which may indicate SFN as a potential treatment for DOX-associated inflammation.

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