scholarly journals New Insight into the Kinetics of Deep Liquid Hydrocarbon Cracking and Its Significance

Geofluids ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhi Zhao ◽  
Shuichang Zhang ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Kun He ◽  
Xiaomei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbon ◽  
Numerical Calculations ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Hydrocarbon Cracking ◽  
Kinetic Calculations ◽  
Total Oil

The deep marine natural gas accumulations in China are mainly derived from the cracking of liquid hydrocarbons with different occurrence states. Besides accumulated oil in reservoir, the dispersed liquid hydrocarbon in and outside source also is important source for cracking gas generation or relayed gas generation in deep formations. In this study, nonisothermal gold tube pyrolysis and numerical calculations as well as geochemical analysis were conducted to ascertain the expulsion efficiency of source rocks and the kinetics for oil cracking. By determination of light liquid hydrocarbons and numerical calculations, it is concluded that the residual bitumen or hydrocarbons within source rocks can occupy about 50 wt.% of total oil generated at oil generation peak. This implies that considerable amounts of natural gas can be derived from residual hydrocarbon cracking and contribute significantly to the accumulation of shale gas. Based on pyrolysis experiments and kinetic calculations, we established a model for the cracking of oil and its different components. In addition, a quantitative gas generation model was also established to address the contribution of the cracking of residual oil and expulsed oil for natural gas accumulations in deep formations. These models may provide us with guidance for gas resource evaluation and future gas exploration in deep formations.

FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC LIQUID HYDROCARBONS IN AUSTRALIA

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
G. N. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbon ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Synthetic Liquid Hydrocarbons

Australia's currently known reserves of fossil fuel indicate that we have 250 years supply of black coal at current production rates, 400 years of brown coal, 170 years of natural gas, but only 16 years of crude oil (20 years if natural gas liquids figures are included). While we are presently supplying about 65% of our liquid hydrocarbon requirements, this will drop to about 10% by 1990 unless significant new discoveries are made. While it may be technically possible to replace the petroleum based industrial fuels with either coal or natural gas, there is no currently developed alternative for transport fuels. If Australia wishes to pursue the objective of energy self-sufficiency, then these transport fuels produced from indigenous crude, even with the maximum of secondary processing, will have to be supplemented with synthetic fuels made from coal, natural gas or L.P.G.There is considerable activity world wide in perfecting the technology of coal liquefaction, but it seems certain that the process will be highly capital intensive and there will need to be some guaranteed minimum price for the products to protect the venture from fluctuations in the world price of natural crude oil.Converting LPG to gasoline is technically feasible but whether it is sound from an economic standpoint or whether it is justified when considering conservation of energy is a matter for debate.Natural gas can be converted to gasoline but again with a relatively low efficiency of energy conservation. However, it could be attractive where gas is available far in excess of conventional demands and can be supplied to the process at a reasonable price.

scholarly journals Fine evaluation and favorable area prediction of deep source rocks in northern Songliao Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 329 ◽  
pp. 01056
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Yanjie Li ◽  
Xiaoshan Ji ◽  
Qiuli Huo ◽  
Yuming Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Songliao Basin ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
The North ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Exploration Area

Focusing on Xujiaweizi fault depression, the geological conditions and geochemical characteristics of deep natural gas formation in the north of Songliao basin are evaluated, the natural gas resources are estimated, and the favorable areas are optimized. Shahezi Formation shale is a set of coal bearing sediments with high organic matter abundance (TOC is 1%～12%), high over maturity (Ro is 1%～4%) and shore shallow lake facies, which are mainly distributed in Xujiaweizi fault depression, Gulong-Lindian fault depression and Yingshan fault depression. The thickness, TOC, Ro and hydrocarbon generation of four thirdorder sequences with different lithology (mudstone and coal) are carefully evaluated for the Shahezi Formation shale in the deep layer of Songbei. The comprehensive evaluation shows that the mudstone thickness of Es4 member in Anda and Xuzhong areas of Xujiaweizi fault depression is large (150 ~ 525m), TOC is high (1% ~ 4%), thermal evolution degree is high (Ro is 1.2% ~ 3.4%), and gas generation intensity is high (20 ~ 815) × 108m3 / t), moderate buried depth (3000~4500m) and overlapping area of 756km2. It is a favorable exploration area for natural gas and shale gas in Daqing Oilfield.

scholarly journals Factors Controlling Natural Gas Accumulation in the Southern Margin of Junggar Basin and Potential Exploration Targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Chen ◽  
Xulong Wang ◽  
Yongge Sun ◽  
Yunyan Ni ◽  
Baoli Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Tarim Basin ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Junggar Basin ◽  
Petroleum System ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Kuqa Depression ◽  
Gas Accumulation ◽  
Southern Margin

In this paper, factors controlling natural gas accumulation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin were mainly discussed by a comparison with natural gas generation and accumulation in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin. The southern margin of Junggar Basin and the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin are located on the north and south sides of the Tianshan Mountains respectively, and they share the similar sedimentary stratigraphy and tectonic evolution history. In recent several decades, many large gas fields have been found in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin, but no great breakthrough in the southern margin of Junggar Basin. Our results suggest that natural gas in the southern margin of Junggar Basin is mainly thermogenic wet gas, and can be divided into three types as coal-derived gas, mixed gas and oil-associated gas, of which the former two types are dominated. The Jurassic coal measures are the main source rocks of natural gas, and the main gas generation time from this set of source rocks matched well with the formation time of the anticline structures, resulting in favorable conditions for natural gas accumulation. In the western part of the southern margin in the Junggar Basin, the Permian lacustrine and the Upper Triassic lacustrine-swamp source rocks could be important sources of natural gas, and the main gas generation time also matched well with the formation time of traps. Compared with the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin, natural gas sources are better in the southern margin of Junggar Basin, and the geologic conditions are favorable for the formation of large oil and gas fields in the southern margin of Junggar Basin. The deep Permian-Jurassic-Cretaceous petroleum system is the most favorable petroleum system for natural gas exploration in the southern margin of Junggar Basin. The western part and the central part of the southern margin in the Junggar Basin could be the first targets for the discovery of the Jurassic coal-derived oil and gas reservoirs. The shallow Cretaceous-Neogene petroleum system is the second target for natural gas exploration.

A Versatile Converter of Liquid Hydrocarbons for the Production of Reducing and Carbonization Atmospheres

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Al-Musa ◽  
Vladimir Martynenko ◽  
Mohammed Al-Saleh ◽  
Ayman Al-Zahrani ◽  
Vladimir Kalinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Protective Atmosphere ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Gas Generators ◽  
Gas Conversion

Abstract We herein report the results of our investigation into the modes of catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of liquid fuels and air mixtures to yield endothermic (endo) gas on a pilot-scale installation containing ~ 0.45 cm3 catalytic bed. This endothermic gas serves as a protective atmosphere in thermochemical steel treatment processes. Seven liquid hydrocarbons (LHs) are investigated, namely isooctane, 91 RON (research octane number) and 95 RON gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, and naphtha. All experiments are performed using our previously developed reactor, where the reactions of natural gas/air mixtures were previously studied. In the present study, we report that the LH conversion products reached an equilibrium state similar to that of methane and natural gas conversion with an atomic C/O ratio of ~ 1.0 in the mixture. Furthermore, working regimes between 850 and 950 °C are examined as typical reaction conditions for industrial endo gas generators, and in all cases, the required gas quality is achieved. However, we found that gasoline and diesel are the most suitable LH feedstock for endo gas generation.

Origin of conventional and shale gas in Sinian–lower Paleozoic strata in the Sichuan Basin: Relayed gas generation from liquid hydrocarbon cracking

AAPG Bulletin ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhi Zhao ◽  
Shuichang Zhang ◽  
Kun He ◽  
Hongliu Zeng ◽  
Guoyi Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Sichuan Basin ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbon ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Lower Paleozoic ◽  
Hydrocarbon Cracking ◽  
The Sichuan Basin

Burial History Reconstruction of the Appalachian Basin in Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, Using 1D Petroleum System Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-396
Author(s):  
Debra Higley ◽  
Catherine Enomoto
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Appalachian Basin ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Burial History ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Deep Basin ◽  
Utica Shale ◽  
Wet Gas

Nine 1D burial history models were built across the Appalachian basin to reconstruct the burial, erosional, and thermal maturation histories of contained petroleum source rocks. Models were calibrated to measured downhole temperatures, and to vitrinite reflectance (% Ro) data for Devonian through Pennsylvanian source rocks. The highest levels of thermal maturity in petroleum source rocks are within and proximal to the Rome trough in the deep basin, which are also within the confluence of increased structural complexity and associated faulting, overpressured Devonian shales, and thick intervals of salt in the underlying Silurian Salina Group. Models incorporate minor erosion from 260 to 140 million years ago (Ma) that allows for extended burial and heating of underlying strata. Two modeled times of increased erosion, from 140 to 90 Ma and 23 to 5.3 Ma, are followed by lesser erosion from 5.3 Ma to Present. Absent strata are mainly Permian shales and sandstone; thickness of these removed layers increased from about 6200 ft (1890 m) west of the Rome trough to as much as 9650 ft (2940 m) within the trough. The onset of oil generation based on 0.6% Ro ranges from 387 to 306 Ma for the Utica Shale, and 359 to 282 Ma for Middle Devonian to basal Mississippian shales. The ~1.2% Ro onset of wet gas generation ranges from 360 to 281 Ma in the Utica Shale, and 298 to 150 Ma for Devonian to lowermost Mississippian shales.

scholarly journals An empirical analysis on the operational profile of liquefied natural gas carriers with steam propulsion plants

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Carlos González Gutiérrez ◽  
Santiago Suárez de la Fuente ◽  
Jean-Marc Bonello ◽  
Richard Bucknall
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Operational Profile ◽  
Emission Studies

Abstract Liquefied natural gas (LNG) offers negligible NOx and SOx emissions as well as reductions in CO2 compared with other liquid hydrocarbons. LNG is a significant player in the global energy mix, with a projection of 40% increase in demand for the next two decades. It is anticipated that the expected rise in demand will cause the fleet of LNG carriers (LNGC) to expand. This work concentrates on steam-powered LNGC, which accounted for 47% of the LNGC fleet in 2018. It performs an empirical analysis of continuous monitoring data that provide high levels of accuracy and transparency. The analysis is done on data collected from 40 LNGCs for over a year to estimate the fleet's operational profile, fuel mix and energy performance. The findings of this work are relevant for bottom-up analysis and simulation models that depend on technical assumptions, but also for emission studies such as the upcoming Fourth International Maritime Organization Greenhouse Gases study.

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