scholarly journals A Planning and Optimization Framework for Ultra Dense Cellular Deployments

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
David González González ◽  
Edward Mutafungwa ◽  
Beneyam Haile ◽  
Jyri Hämäläinen ◽  
Héctor Poveda
Keyword(s):  
Bandwidth Allocation ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Demand Distribution ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
The Impact

To accommodate the ever-expanding wireless data traffic volumes, mobile network operators are complementing their macrocellular networks by deploying low-power base stations (or small cells) to offload traffic from congested macrocells and to reuse spectrum. To that end, Ultra Dense Network (UDN) deployments provide means to aggressively reuse spectrum, thus providing significant enhancements in terms of system capacity. However, these deployments entail several challenges, including the increased complexity in network planning and optimization. In this paper, we propose a versatile optimization framework for planning UDN deployments. The planning and optimization framework is underpinned by metrics that consider scalability in terms of number of users, cost of densification, and fairness. The proposed methodology is evaluated using a real-world UDN planning case. The numerical results expose a number of interesting insights, including the impact of different bandwidth allocation strategies and spatial service demand distribution on the performance of various network topologies. Specifically, we provide a performance comparison of the optimized UDN topologies versus random (unplanned), regular grid, and heuristically derived UDN topologies. This comparison further underlines the need for flexible network planning and optimization frameworks as different operator performance metrics of interest may require different radio access networks configurations.

Network Throughput and Outage Analysis in a Poisson and Matérn Cluster based LTE-Advanced Small Cell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Outage Probability ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Cell ◽  
Lte Advanced ◽  
The Impact

<div>In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.</div>

scholarly journals Distribution of Data Dissemination Model using DTN Routing Protocols

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3014-3019
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Dtn Routing ◽  
The Impact

In this research paper compare the protocol’s performance together with the experimental results of optimal routing using real-life scenarios of vehicles and pedestrians roaming in a city. In this research paper, conduct several simulation comparison experiments(in the NS2 Software) to show the impact of changing buffer capacity, packet lifetime, packet generation rate, and number of nodes on the performance metrics. This research paper is concluded by providing guidelines to develop an efficient DTN routing protocol. To the best of researcher(Parameswari et al.,) knowledge, this work is the first to provide a detailed performance comparison among the diverse collection of DTN routing protocols.

scholarly journals Collaborative Resource Management for Negotiable Multi-Operator Small Cell Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 3550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi Shah ◽  
Somsak Kittipiyakul ◽  
Yuto Lim ◽  
Yasuo Tan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Small Cell Networks ◽  
User Data ◽  
Mobile Network Operators ◽  
Cell Networks ◽  
Mutual Agreement

The ubiquitous coverage/connectivity requirement of wireless cellular networks has shifted mobile network operators’ (MNOs) interest toward dense deployment of small cells with coverage areas that are much smaller as compared to macrocell base stations (MBSs). Multi-operator small cells could provide virtualization of network resources (infrastructure and spectrum) and enable its efficient utilization, i.e., uninterrupted coverage and connectivity to subscribers, and an opportunity to avoid under-utilization of the network resources. However, a MNO with exclusive ownership to network resources would have little incentive to utilize its precious resources to serve users of other MNOs, since MNOs differentiate among others based on their ownership of the licensed spectrum. Thus, considering network resources scarcity and under-utilization, this paper proposes a mechanism for multi-operator small cells collaboration through negotiation that establishes a mutual agreement acceptable to all involved parties, i.e., a win–win situation for the collaborating MNOs. It enables subscribers of a MNO to utilize other MNOs’ network resources, and allows MNOs to offer small cells “as a service” to users with ubiquitous access to wireless coverage/connectivity, maximize the use of an existing network resources by serving additional users from a market share, and enhance per-user data rate. We validated and evaluated the proposed mechanism through simulations considering various performance metrics.

scholarly journals High Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Networks: Cooperative and Cognitive Techniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Wang ◽  
Jiamo Jiang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
Mugen Peng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Cooperative Communication ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Communication Techniques ◽  
High Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Performance

Heterogeneous network (HetNet) is considered as the main and eminent future communication technology, since it achieves high spectral efficiency per unit area and saves energy due to low transmission power. Mass deployment of small cells in cochannel mode increases overall system capacity, but it is also coupled with greater risk of cochannel interference. This paper overviews the interference model based on the Poisson point process (PPP) and analyzes the performance in terms of energy efficiency in multitier HetNet. As the promising solution for improving the performance of HetNet, both the cooperative communication and cognitive radio techniques to mitigate the interference in HetNet are surveyed. As one example of cooperative communication techniques, a hierarchical cooperation scheme on the spectrum allocation is presented and its energy efficiency performance is analyzed and evaluated. Meanwhile, the energy efficiency increases from the cognitive radio technique are demonstrated as well. The energy efficiency performance comparison between the presented cooperative communication and cognitive radio techniques is emphasized, which suggests that the cooperation communication technique is preferred to suppress the interference and increase the energy efficiency in HetNets.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Backhaul-Aware User Association in 5G Ultradense Heterogeneous Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Junpeng Yu ◽  
Hongtao Zhang ◽  
Yuqing Chen ◽  
Yaduan Ruan
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Networks ◽  
Association Scheme ◽  
Coverage Probability ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
User Association ◽  
The Impact

In 5G ultradense heterogeneous networks, wireless backhaul, as one of the important base station (BS) resources that affect user services, has attracted more and more attention. However, a user would access to the BS which is the nearest for the user based on the conventional user association scheme, which constrains the network performance improvement due to the limited backhaul capacity. In this paper, using backhaul-aware user association scheme, semiclosed expressions of network performance metrics are derived in ultradense heterogeneous networks, including coverage probability, rate coverage, and network delay. Specifically, all possible access and backhaul links within the user connectable range of BSs and anchor base stations (A-BSs) are considered to minimize the analytical results of outage probability. The outage for the user occurs only when the access link or backhaul link which forms the link combination with the optimal performance is failure. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis and numerical results evaluate the impact of the fraction of A-BSs and the BS-to-user density ratio on network performance metric to seek for a more reasonable deployment of BSs in the practical scenario. The simulation results show that the coverage probability of backhaul-aware user association scheme is improved significantly by about 2× compared to that of the conventional user association scheme when backhaul is constrained.

scholarly journals On Maximizing Energy and Spectral Efficiencies Using Small Cells in 5G and Beyond Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1676
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Domain Switching ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Power Domain ◽  
The Impact

Addressing high capacity at low power as a key design goal envisages achieving high spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) for the next-generation mobile networks. Because most data are generated in indoor environments, an ultra-dense deployment of small cells (SCs), particularly within multistory buildings in urban areas, is revealed as an effective technique to improve SE and EE by numerous studies. In this paper, we present a framework exploiting the four most interconnected-domain, including, power, time, frequency, and space, in the perspectives of SE and EE. Unlike existing literature, the framework takes advantage of higher degrees of freedom to maximize SE and EE using in-building SCs for 5G and beyond mobile networks. We derive average capacity, SE, and EE metrics, along with defining the condition for optimality of SE and EE and developing an algorithm for the framework. An extensive system-level evaluation is performed to show the impact of each domain on SE and EE. It is shown that employing multiband enabled SC base stations (SBSs) to increase operating spectrum in frequency-domain, reusing spectrum to SBSs more than once per building in spatial-domain, switching on and off each in-building SBS based on traffic availability to reduce SBS power consumption in power-domain, and using eICIC to avoid co-channel interference due to sharing spectrum with SBSs in time-domain can achieve massive SE and EE. Finally, we show that the proposed framework can satisfy SE, EE, as well as user experience data rate requirements for 5G and beyond mobile networks.

scholarly journals mmWave Backhaul Testbed Configurability Using Software-Defined Networking

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Santos ◽  
Konstantin Koslowski ◽  
Julian Daube ◽  
Hakim Ghazzai ◽  
Andreas Kassler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Channel Assignment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Adaptive Mesh ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Wireless Backhaul ◽  
The Impact

Future mobile data traffic predictions expect a significant increase in user data traffic, requiring new forms of mobile network infrastructures. Fifth generation (5G) communication standards propose the densification of small cell access base stations (BSs) in order to provide multigigabit and low latency connectivity. This densification requires a high capacity backhaul network. Using optical links to connect all the small cells is economically not feasible for large scale radio access networks where multiple BSs are deployed. A wireless backhaul formed by a mesh of millimeter-wave (mmWave) links is an attractive mobile backhaul solution, as flexible wireless (multihop) paths can be formed to interconnect all the access BSs. Moreover, a wireless backhaul allows the dynamic reconfiguration of the backhaul topology to match varying traffic demands or adaptively power on/off small cells for green backhaul operation. However, conducting and precisely controlling reconfiguration experiments over real mmWave multihop networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we develop a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) based approach to enable such a dynamic backhaul reconfiguration and use real-world mmWave equipment to setup a SDN-enabled mmWave testbed to conduct various reconfiguration experiments. In our approach, the SDN control plane is not only responsible for configuring the forwarding plane but also for the link configuration, antenna alignment, and adaptive mesh node power on/off operations. We implement the SDN-based reconfiguration operations in a testbed with four nodes, each equipped with multiple mmWave interfaces that can be mechanically steered to connect to different neighbors. We evaluate the impact of various reconfiguration operations on existing user traffic using a set of extensive testbed measurements. Moreover, we measure the impact of the channel assignment on existing traffic, showing that a setup with an optimal channel assignment between the mesh links can result in a 44% throughput increase, when compared to a suboptimal configuration.

scholarly journals Network Throughput and Outage Analysis in a Poisson and Matérn Cluster based LTE-Advanced Small Cell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Outage Probability ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Cell ◽  
Lte Advanced ◽  
The Impact

<div>In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.</div>

scholarly journals An Overview and Mechanism for the Coexistence of 5G NR-U (New Radio Unlicensed) in the Millimeter-Wave Spectrum for Indoor Small Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
System Level ◽  
Dual Band ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Interference Avoidance ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
New Radio ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we first give an overview of the coexistence of cellular with IEEE 802.11 technologies in the unlicensed bands. We then present a coexistence mechanism for Fifth-Generation (5G) New Radio on Unlicensed (NR-U) small cells located within buildings to coexist with the IEEE 802.11ad/ay, also termed as Wireless Gigabit (WiGig). Small cells are dual-band enabled operating in the 60 GHz unlicensed and 28 GHz licensed millimeter-wave (mmW) bands. We develop an interference avoidance scheme in the time domain to avoid cochannel interference (CCI) between in-building NR-U small cells and WiGig access points (APs). We then derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) performance metrics of in-building small cells. Extensive system-level numerical and simulation results and analyses are carried out for a number of variants of NR-U, including NR standalone, NR-U standalone, and NR-U anchored. We also analyze the impact of the spatial reuse of both mmW spectra of multiple NR-U anchored operators with a WiGig operator. It is shown that NR-U anchored provides the best average capacity and EE performances, whereas NR-U standalone provides the best SE performance. Moreover, both vertical spatial reuse intrabuilding level and horizontal spatial reuse interbuilding level of mmW spectra in small cells of an NR-U anchored can improve its SE and EE performances. Finally, we show that by choosing appropriate values of vertical and horizontal spatial reuse factors, the proposed coexistence mechanism can achieve the expected SE and EE requirements for the future Sixth-Generation (6G) mobile networks.

scholarly journals Radio Network Planning and Optimization for 5G Telecommunication System Based on Physical Constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hla Myo Tun
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Radio Network ◽  
Telecommunication System ◽  
Programming Technique ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Radio Network Planning

The paper mainly focuses on the network planning and optimization problem in the 5G telecommunication system based on the numerical investigation. There have been two portions of this work, such as network planning for efficient network models and optimization of power allocation in the 5G network. The radio network planning process has been completed based on a specific area. The data rate requirement can be solved by allowing the densification of the system by deploying small cells. The radio network planning scheme is the indispensable platform in arranging a wireless network that encounters convinced coverage method, capacity, and Quality of Service necessities.  In this study, the eighty micro base stations and two-hundred mobile stations are deployed in the -15km×15km wide selected area in the Yangon downtown area. The optimization processes were also analyzed based on the source and destination nodes in the 5G network. The base stations' location is minimized and optimized in a selected geographical area with the linear programming technique and analyzed in this study.

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