scholarly journals mmWave Backhaul Testbed Configurability Using Software-Defined Networking

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Santos ◽  
Konstantin Koslowski ◽  
Julian Daube ◽  
Hakim Ghazzai ◽  
Andreas Kassler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Channel Assignment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Adaptive Mesh ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Wireless Backhaul ◽  
The Impact

Future mobile data traffic predictions expect a significant increase in user data traffic, requiring new forms of mobile network infrastructures. Fifth generation (5G) communication standards propose the densification of small cell access base stations (BSs) in order to provide multigigabit and low latency connectivity. This densification requires a high capacity backhaul network. Using optical links to connect all the small cells is economically not feasible for large scale radio access networks where multiple BSs are deployed. A wireless backhaul formed by a mesh of millimeter-wave (mmWave) links is an attractive mobile backhaul solution, as flexible wireless (multihop) paths can be formed to interconnect all the access BSs. Moreover, a wireless backhaul allows the dynamic reconfiguration of the backhaul topology to match varying traffic demands or adaptively power on/off small cells for green backhaul operation. However, conducting and precisely controlling reconfiguration experiments over real mmWave multihop networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we develop a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) based approach to enable such a dynamic backhaul reconfiguration and use real-world mmWave equipment to setup a SDN-enabled mmWave testbed to conduct various reconfiguration experiments. In our approach, the SDN control plane is not only responsible for configuring the forwarding plane but also for the link configuration, antenna alignment, and adaptive mesh node power on/off operations. We implement the SDN-based reconfiguration operations in a testbed with four nodes, each equipped with multiple mmWave interfaces that can be mechanically steered to connect to different neighbors. We evaluate the impact of various reconfiguration operations on existing user traffic using a set of extensive testbed measurements. Moreover, we measure the impact of the channel assignment on existing traffic, showing that a setup with an optimal channel assignment between the mesh links can result in a 44% throughput increase, when compared to a suboptimal configuration.

scholarly journals Interference Cancellation Based Spectrum Sharing for Massive MIMO Communication Systems

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3584
Author(s):  
Milembolo Miantezila Junior ◽  
Bin Guo ◽  
Chenjie Zhang ◽  
Xuemei Bai
Keyword(s):  
Interference Cancellation ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
Null Space ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Lte Advanced

Cellular network operators are predicting an increase in space of more than 200 percent to carry the move and tremendous increase of total users in data traffic. The growing of investments in infrastructure such as a large number of small cells, particularly the technologies such as LTE-Advanced and 6G Technology, can assist in mitigating this challenge moderately. In this paper, we suggest a projection study in spectrum sharing of radar multi-input and multi-output, and mobile LTE multi-input multi-output communication systems near m base stations (BS). The radar multi-input multi-output and mobile LTE communication systems split different interference channels. The new approach based on radar projection signal detection has been proposed for free interference disturbance channel with radar multi-input multi-output and mobile LTE multi-input multi-output by using a new proposed interference cancellation algorithm. We chose the channel of interference with the best free channel, and the detected signal of radar was projected to null space. The goal is to remove all interferences from the radar multi-input multi-output and to cancel any disturbance sources from a chosen mobile Communication Base Station. The experimental results showed that the new approach performs very well and can optimize Spectrum Access.

Network Throughput and Outage Analysis in a Poisson and Matérn Cluster based LTE-Advanced Small Cell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Outage Probability ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Cell ◽  
Lte Advanced ◽  
The Impact

<div>In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.</div>

scholarly journals Design of True Time Delay Millimeter Wave Beamformers for 5G Multibeam Phased Arrays

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios I. Lialios ◽  
Nikolaos Ntetsikas ◽  
Konstantinos D. Paschaloudis ◽  
Constantinos L. Zekios ◽  
Stavros V. Georgakopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Phased Arrays ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Wireless Systems ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
True Time Delay ◽  
True Time

Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) technology is likely the key enabler of 5G and early 6G wireless systems. The high throughput, high capacity, and low latency that can be achieved, when mm-Waves are utilized, makes them the most promising backhaul as well as fronthaul solutions for the communication between small cells and base stations or between base stations and the gateway. Depending on the channel properties different communication systems (e.g., beamforming and MIMO) can accordingly offer the best solution. In this work, our goal is to design millimeter wave beamformers for switched beam phased arrays as hybrid beamforming stages. Specifically, three different analog beamforming techniques for the frequency range of 27–33 GHz are presented. First, a novel compact multilayer Blass matrix is proposed. Second, a modified dummy-ports free, highly efficient Rotman lens is introduced. Finally, a three-layer true-time-delay tree topology inspired by microwave photonics is presented.

scholarly journals On Maximizing Energy and Spectral Efficiencies Using Small Cells in 5G and Beyond Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1676
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Domain Switching ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Power Domain ◽  
The Impact

Addressing high capacity at low power as a key design goal envisages achieving high spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) for the next-generation mobile networks. Because most data are generated in indoor environments, an ultra-dense deployment of small cells (SCs), particularly within multistory buildings in urban areas, is revealed as an effective technique to improve SE and EE by numerous studies. In this paper, we present a framework exploiting the four most interconnected-domain, including, power, time, frequency, and space, in the perspectives of SE and EE. Unlike existing literature, the framework takes advantage of higher degrees of freedom to maximize SE and EE using in-building SCs for 5G and beyond mobile networks. We derive average capacity, SE, and EE metrics, along with defining the condition for optimality of SE and EE and developing an algorithm for the framework. An extensive system-level evaluation is performed to show the impact of each domain on SE and EE. It is shown that employing multiband enabled SC base stations (SBSs) to increase operating spectrum in frequency-domain, reusing spectrum to SBSs more than once per building in spatial-domain, switching on and off each in-building SBS based on traffic availability to reduce SBS power consumption in power-domain, and using eICIC to avoid co-channel interference due to sharing spectrum with SBSs in time-domain can achieve massive SE and EE. Finally, we show that the proposed framework can satisfy SE, EE, as well as user experience data rate requirements for 5G and beyond mobile networks.

scholarly journals A Planning and Optimization Framework for Ultra Dense Cellular Deployments

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
David González González ◽  
Edward Mutafungwa ◽  
Beneyam Haile ◽  
Jyri Hämäläinen ◽  
Héctor Poveda
Keyword(s):  
Bandwidth Allocation ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Demand Distribution ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
The Impact

To accommodate the ever-expanding wireless data traffic volumes, mobile network operators are complementing their macrocellular networks by deploying low-power base stations (or small cells) to offload traffic from congested macrocells and to reuse spectrum. To that end, Ultra Dense Network (UDN) deployments provide means to aggressively reuse spectrum, thus providing significant enhancements in terms of system capacity. However, these deployments entail several challenges, including the increased complexity in network planning and optimization. In this paper, we propose a versatile optimization framework for planning UDN deployments. The planning and optimization framework is underpinned by metrics that consider scalability in terms of number of users, cost of densification, and fairness. The proposed methodology is evaluated using a real-world UDN planning case. The numerical results expose a number of interesting insights, including the impact of different bandwidth allocation strategies and spatial service demand distribution on the performance of various network topologies. Specifically, we provide a performance comparison of the optimized UDN topologies versus random (unplanned), regular grid, and heuristically derived UDN topologies. This comparison further underlines the need for flexible network planning and optimization frameworks as different operator performance metrics of interest may require different radio access networks configurations.

scholarly journals A Novel Cooperative Cache Policy for Wireless Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Lincan Li ◽  
Chiew Foong Kwong ◽  
Qianyu Liu ◽  
Pushpendu Kar ◽  
Saeid Pourroostaei Ardakani
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Fast Moving ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Access Latency ◽  
Cooperative Cache ◽  
Content Popularity ◽  
Small Base ◽  
The Impact

Mobile edge caching is an emerging approach to manage high mobile data traffic in fifth-generation wireless networks that reduces content access latency and offloading data traffic of backhaul links. This paper proposes a novel cooperative caching policy based on long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks considering the characteristics between the features of the heterogeneous layers and the user moving speed. Specifically, LSTM is applied to predict content popularity. Size-weighted content popularity is utilised to balance the impact of the predicted content popularity and content size. We also consider the moving speeds of mobile users and introduce a two-level caching architecture consisting of several small base stations (SBSs) and macro base stations (MBSs). To avoid content requests of fast-moving users affecting the content popularity distribution of the SBS since fast-moving users frequently handover among SBSs, fast-moving users are served by MBSs no matter which SBS they are in. SBSs serve low-speed users, and SBSs in the same cluster can communicate with one another. The simulation results show that compared to common cache methods, for example, the least frequently used and least recently used methods, our proposed policy is at least 8.9% lower and 6.8% higher in terms of the average content access latency and offloading ratio, respectively.

scholarly journals Exposing End-to-End Delay in Software-Defined Networking

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Bin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Delay Model ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
The Impact

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) shows us a promising picture to deploy the demanding services in a fast and cost-effective way. Till now, most SDN use cases are deployed in enterprise/campus networks and data center networks. However, when applying SDN to the large-scale networks, such as Wide Area Network (WAN), the end-to-end delay of packet traversal is suspected to be very large and needs to be further investigated. Moreover, stringent time constraint is the cornerstone for real-time applications in SDN. Understanding the packet delay in SDN-based large networks is crucial for the proper design of switch architecture and the optimization of network algorithms such as flow control algorithms. In this paper, we present a thorough systematic exploration on the end-to-end delay in SDN which consists of multiple nodes, fully exposing the components which contribute to the long delay. We disclose that SDN switches cannot completely avoid the generation of flow setup even in proactive mode and conduct data mining on the probability of flow setup. We propose an analytical model for the end-to-end delay. This model takes into account the impact of the different rule installation time consumption on different switches. Considering the delay in switches contributes a large proportion to the entire delay, we conduct various measurements on the delay of a single switch. Results for the delay at different flow setup rates and with different rule priority patterns are presented. Furthermore, we study the impact on packet delay caused by ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) update. We measure parameters in the delay model and find that if SDN is deployed in all segments of WAN, the delay of packet traversal will be increased up to 27.95 times in the worst case in our experimental settings, compared with the delay in conventional network. Such high delay may eventually lead the end-to-end connections fail to complete if no additional measures are taken.

scholarly journals The Transition and Adoption to Modern Programming Concepts for Scientific Computing in Fortran

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Norton ◽  
Viktor K. Decyk ◽  
Boleslaw K. Szymanski ◽  
Henry Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Adaptive Mesh Refinement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Adaptive Mesh ◽  
Particle Simulation ◽  
Programming Techniques ◽  
Early Exploration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Development Applications

This paper describes our experiences in the early exploration of modern concepts introduced in Fortran90 for large-scale scientific programming. We review our early work in expressing object-oriented concepts based on the new Fortran90 constructs – foreign to most programmers at the time – our experimental work in applying them to various applications, the impact on the WG5/J3 standards committees to consider formalizing object-oriented constructs for later versions of Fortran, and work in exploring how other modern programming techniques such as Design Patterns can and have impacted our software development. Applications will be drawn from plasma particle simulation and finite element adaptive mesh refinement for solid earth crustal deformation modeling.

scholarly journals Interference Analysis for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications at 28 GHz

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar A. Saraereh ◽  
Ashraf Ali ◽  
Imran Khan ◽  
Khaled Rabie
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Ergodic Capacity ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Interference Analysis ◽  
Vehicular Communication Networks ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

High capacity and ultra-reliable vehicular communication are going to be important aspects of beyond 5G communication networks. However, the vehicular communication problem becomes complex at a large scale when vehicles are roaming on the road, while simultaneously communicating with each other. Moreover, at higher frequencies (like 28 GHz), the dynamics of vehicular communication completely shift towards unpredictability and low-reliability. These factors may result in high packet error and a large amount of interference, resulting in regular disruptions in communications. A thorough understanding of performance variations is the key to moving towards the next generation of vehicular networks. With this intent, this article aims to provide a comprehensive interference analysis, wherein the closed-form expressions of packet error probability (PEP) and ergodic capacity are derived. Using the expression of the PEP, diversity analysis is provided which unveils the impact of channel nonlinearities on the performance of interference-constrained vehicular networks. The insights provided here are expected to pave the way for reliable and high capacity vehicular communication networks.

scholarly journals Network Throughput and Outage Analysis in a Poisson and Matérn Cluster based LTE-Advanced Small Cell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Outage Probability ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Cell ◽  
Lte Advanced ◽  
The Impact

<div>In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.</div>

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