Impact of SO2 on Alteration of Reservoir Rock with Ca-Deficient Conditions and Poor Buffering Capacity under a CO2 Geologic Storage Condition

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of SO2-CO2-water-rock interaction on the alteration of a reservoir rock having Ca-deficient conditions and little buffering capacity and its implication for porosity change near the injection well from a CO2 storage pilot site, Republic of Korea. For our study, three cases of experimental and geochemical modeling were carried out (pure CO2, 0.1% SO2 in CO2, and 1% SO2 in CO2, resp.) under realistic geologic storage conditions. Our results show that SO2 accelerated water-rock interactions by lowering the pH. In the 1% SO2 case, pH remained less than 2 during the experiments because of insufficient buffering capacity. Sulfate minerals were not precipitated because of an insufficient supply of Ca. Because the total volume of precipitated secondary minerals was less than that of the dissolved primary minerals, the porosity of rock increased in all cases. Chlorite largely contributed to the decrease in total rock volume although it formed only 4.8 wt.% of the rock. Our study shows that the coinjection of a certain amount of SO2 at CO2 storage reservoirs without carbonate and Ca-rich minerals can significantly increase the porosity by enhancing water-rock interactions. This procedure can be beneficial to CO2 injection under some conditions.

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Effect of Dry-Wet Cycling on the Mechanical Properties of Rocks: A Laboratory-Scale Experimental Study

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr6100199 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (10) ◽

pp. 199 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Xiaojie Yang ◽

Jiamin Wang ◽

Dinggui Hou ◽

Chun Zhu ◽

Manchao He

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Uniaxial Compressive Strength ◽

Open Pit ◽

Rock Surface ◽

Periodic Action ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

The Impact ◽

Water Rock Interaction

Taking Nanfen open-pit iron mine in Liaoning Province as the engineering background, this study analyzes the effect of water-rock circulation on the mechanical properties of rock through a combination of macro-mechanical experiments and microstructure tests in the laboratory. Uniaxial compression experiments and acoustic wave tests are used to determine the degradation law of the mechanical properties of chlorite under the periodic action of water. The experimental results show that dry-wet cycles have a continuous and gradual effect on the rock sampled: Its uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and acoustic velocity all decrease gradually with an increase in the number of cycles. After 15 wet-dry cycles, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the rock decreased by 34.21% and 44.63%, respectively. Electron microscope scans of the rock indicate that the particle size, characteristics, and pore distribution at the rock surface had changed significantly after water-rock interaction. Finally, a drainage system and sliding force monitoring devices have been arranged at the mine site that can effectively reduce the impact of water-rock interaction on the stability of the mine. This combination of macro-experiments and micro-analysis allowed the weakening effect of dry-wet cycles on slope rock to be studied quantitatively, providing a theoretical reference for stability evaluation in geotechnical engineering.

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Stability and Reproducibility Underscore Utility of RT-QuIC for Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Molecular Neurobiology ◽

10.1007/s12035-015-9133-2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 1896-1904 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Maria Cramm ◽

Matthias Schmitz ◽

André Karch ◽

Eva Mitrova ◽

Franziska Kuhn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prion Diseases ◽

False Negative ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Freezing And Thawing ◽

Perfect Agreement ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Kappa Value ◽

Freezing And Thawing Cycles ◽

The Impact

Abstract Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) allows the amplification of miniscule amounts of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). Recent studies applied the RT-QuIC methodology to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnosing human prion diseases. However, to date, there has not been a formal multi-centre assessment of the reproducibility, validity and stability of RT-QuIC in this context, an indispensable step for establishment as a diagnostic test in clinical practice. In the present study, we analysed CSF from 110 prion disease patients and 400 control patients using the RT-QuIC method under various conditions. In addition, “blinded” ring trials between different participating sites were performed to estimate reproducibility. Using the previously established cut-off of 10,000 relative fluorescence units (rfu), we obtained a sensitivity of 85 % and a specificity of 99 %. The multi-centre inter-laboratory reproducibility of RT-QuIC revealed a Fleiss’ kappa value of 0.83 (95 % CI: 0.40–1.00) indicating an almost perfect agreement. Moreover, we investigated the impact of short-term CSF storage at different temperatures, long-term storage, repeated freezing and thawing cycles and the contamination of CSF with blood on the RT-QuIC seeding response. Our data indicated that the PrPSc seed in CSF is stable to any type of storage condition but sensitive to contaminations with blood (>1250 erythrocytes/μL), which results in a false negative RT-QuIC response. Fresh blood-contaminated samples (3 days) can be rescued by removal of erythrocytes. The present study underlines the reproducibility and high stability of RT-QuIC across various CSF storage conditions with a remarkable sensitivity and specificity, suggesting RT-QuIC as an innovative and robust diagnostic method.

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Water–rock interactions in the Bruchsal geothermal system by U–Th series radionuclides

Geothermal Energy ◽

10.1186/s40517-020-00179-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lena Kölbel ◽

Thomas Kölbel ◽

Ulrich Maier ◽

Martin Sauter ◽

Thorsten Schäfer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reservoir Characterization ◽

Isotopic Fractionation ◽

Reservoir Rock ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Specific Information ◽

Radium Isotopes ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

Removal Time ◽

Interaction Processes ◽

Water Rock Interaction

Abstract Uranium and thorium decay series disequilibria in deep geothermal brines are a result of water–rock interaction processes. The migratory behavior of radionuclides provides valuable site-specific information and can therefore be an important tool for reservoir characterization and sustainable management of geothermal sites. In this study, we present data from long-term monitoring of naturally occurring 238U, 232Th and 235U series radionuclides analyzed in brine samples collected from the Permo-Triassic sedimentary reservoir rock at the Bruchsal geothermal site (SW Germany). The results show that radionuclides of the elements radium (226Ra, 228Ra, 224Ra, 223Ra), radon (222Rn), and lead (210Pb, 212Pb) are rather soluble in brine, while isotopes of uranium (238U, 234U, 235U), thorium (232Th, 228Th, 230Th), polonium (210Po), and actinium (227Ac, 228Ac) have low solubilities and are mostly immobile. Activities of radium isotopes in the geothermal brine exceed those of their thorium progenitors (average 226Ra = 29.9 Bq kg−1, about 103 times that of its 230Th parent). Modelling the observed disequilibria allows the following conclusion on water–rock interaction processes: (1) supply from alpha-recoil depends on isotope half-life because it is limited by the rate of diffusion through microfractures causing isotopic fractionation. (2) Radium retardation due to adsorption is low (226Ra/222Rn = 1.3) resulting in adsorption–desorption rate constants in the order of 10−10 s−1 for k1 and 10−9 for k2. (3) Scavenging of 226Ra from brine can best be explained by co-precipitation with barite resulting in an observed 226Ra anomaly in the solids of the reservoir section. The precipitation rate constant amounts to ca. 3.4 × 10−8 s−1 corresponding to a mean removal time of radium from brine by mineral precipitation to approximately 1 year.

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Geochemical Modeling of Water-Rock Interaction Processes in the Pollino National Park

Geofluids ◽

10.1155/2021/6655711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

C. Apollaro ◽

I. Fuoco ◽

L. Bloise ◽

E. Calabrese ◽

L. Marini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Reaction Path ◽

Geochemical Modeling ◽

Analytical Data ◽

Path Modeling ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

Interaction Processes ◽

Comparison Of The Results ◽

Reaction Path Modeling ◽

Water Rock Interaction

This work is aimed at reconstructing the water-rock interaction processes controlling the geochemical characteristics of the shallow or relatively shallow groundwaters of the Pollino National Park, based on the data acquired for 105 water samples from local springs. Reaction path modeling of rock dissolution was carried out in a purely stoichiometric mode for the main lithotypes cropping out in the study area, that is, limestone, Mg-limestone, dolomite, serpentinite, Al-silicate fraction of calcschist, and carbonate fraction of calcschist. Reaction path modeling was carried out in a purely stoichiometric mode, considering the rocks of interest as materials of known stoichiometry and unknown thermodynamic properties. Calculations were carried out assuming a closed system for secondary solid phases whereas an open system was assumed for gases, O2(g) and CO2(g). Comparison of the results of geochemical modeling and the analytical data acquired for the groundwaters of the Pollino National Park shows that concentrations of major solutes, SiO2, Li, Al, and Fe of the different chemical types of waters, are explained by the dissolution of pertinent lithotypes. Moreover, the detected concentrations of Al, Cl, F, NO3, and SO4 are within the threshold values recommended by WHO.

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Effect of Storage Conditions on the Quality of Arbequina Extra Virgin Olive Oil and the Impact on the Composition of Flavor-Related Compounds (Phenols and Volatiles)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10092161 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2161

Author(s):

Leeanny Caipo ◽

Ana Sandoval ◽

Betsabet Sepúlveda ◽

Edwar Fuentes ◽

Rodrigo Valenzuela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Principal Component ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact

Commercialization of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) requires a best before date recommended at up to 24 months after bottling, stored under specific conditions. Thus, it is expected that the product retains its chemical properties and preserves its ‘extra virgin’ category. However, inadequate storage conditions could alter the properties of EVOO. In this study, Arbequina EVOO was exposed to five storage conditions for up to one year to study the effects on the quality of the oil and the compounds responsible for flavor. Every 15 or 30 days, samples from each storage condition were analyzed, determining physicochemical parameters, the profiles of phenols, volatile compounds, α-tocopherol, and antioxidant capacity. Principal component analysis was utilized to better elucidate the relationships between the composition of EVOOs and the storage conditions. EVOOs stored at −23 and 23 °C in darkness and 23 °C with light, differed from the oils stored at 30 and 40 °C in darkness. The former was associated with a higher quantity of non-oxidized phenolic compounds and the latter with higher elenolic acid, oxidized oleuropein, and ligstroside derivatives, which also increased with storage time. (E)-2-nonenal (detected at trace levels in fresh oil) was selected as a marker of the degradation of Arbequina EVOO quality over time, with significant linear regressions identified for the storage conditions at 30 and 40 °C. Therefore, early oxidation in EVOO could be monitored by measuring (E)-2-nonenal levels.

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Effect of Storage Conditions on the Quality of Arbequina Extra Virgin Olive Oil and the Impact on the Composition of Flavor-related Compounds (Phenols and Volatiles)

10.20944/preprints202107.0668.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Leeanny Caipo ◽

Ana Sandoval ◽

Betsabet Sepúlveda ◽

Edwar Fuentes ◽

Rodrigo Valenzuela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Principal Component ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Alpha Tocopherol ◽

The Impact

Abstract: Commercialization of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) requires a best before date recom-mended at up to 24 months after bottling, stored under specific conditions. Thus, it is expected that the product retains its chemical properties and preserves its ‘extra virgin’ category. However, in-adequate storage conditions could alter the properties of EVOO. In this study, Arbequina EVOO was exposed to five storage conditions for up to one year to study the effects on the quality of the oil and the compounds responsible for flavor. Every 15 or 30 days, samples from each storage condition were analyzed determining physicochemical parameters, the profiles of phenols, volatile compounds, α-tocopherol and antioxidant capacity. Principal component analysis was utilized to better elucidate the relationships between composition of EVOOs and the storage conditions. EVOOs stored at -23 and 23 °C in darkness and 23 °C with light, differed from the oils stored at 30 and 40 °C in darkness. The former were associated with higher quantity of non-oxidized phenolic compounds and the latter with higher elenolic acid, oxidized oleuropein and ligstroside derivatives, which also increased with storage time. E-2-Nonenal (detected at trace levels in fresh oil) was selected as a marker of the degradation of Arbequina EVOO quality over time, with significant linear regressions identified for the storage conditions at 30 and 40 °C. Therefore, early oxidation in EVOO could be monitored by measuring E2-Nonenal levels.

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Impact of water–rock interaction on the pore structures of red-bed soft rock

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86815-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Meiling Zhou ◽

Jianlin Li ◽

Zuosen Luo ◽

Jianbin Sun ◽

Feng Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soft Rock ◽

Three Gorges Reservoir Area ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Average Pore ◽

Average Pore Radius ◽

Reservoir Water Level ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

The Impact ◽

Red Bed ◽

Water Rock Interaction

AbstractThe physical and mechanical properties of the reservoir bank slope are affected by the water–rock interaction. However, few studies considered the impact of long-term water–rock interaction on the evolution law of mesostructure. Therefore, in this study, the water–rock interaction test was conducted on a slightly weathered red-bed soft rock from the Three Gorges Reservoir area, considering the fluctuation in the reservoir water level. The corresponding pore structure parameters were measured and analyzed based on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and digital image processing technology. The study showed that: (1) The pore size has been gradually increased, while the number of pores was increased initially and then decreased. Within 12 cycles, the maximum and average pore radius of the rock specimens was increased by 101.02% and 43.32%, respectively, and the porosity has been increased by 26.59%, whereas the number of pores decreased by 22.65%. This indicates the effect of water–rock interaction on the propagation of pores. (2) The pores were changed from oblate to slender by the water–rock interaction. The shape factor was decreased by about 15.79% within 12 cycles. In the meantime, the fractal dimension was increased from 1.20 to 1.28, and more complex structures of pores were observed. (3) The porosity evolution model for the red-bed soft rock was established based on the curve fitting technique. The results can be used as a reference to conceptualize the mesostructure damage of rocks under water–rock interaction.

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Implications of Seed Vault Storage Strategies for Conservation of Seed Bacterial Microbiomes

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.784796 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ankush Chandel ◽

Ross Mann ◽

Jatinder Kaur ◽

Sally Norton ◽

Jacqueline Edwards ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Bacterial Community Composition ◽

Seed Storage ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Bacterial Composition ◽

Subsequent Storage ◽

The Impact

Global seed vaults are important, as they conserve plant genetic resources for future breeding to improve crop yield and quality and to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the impact of standard storage procedures, such as seed drying and cold storage on the seed bacterial community, and the ability to recover seed-associated bacteria after storage. In this study, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were analyzed to characterize changes in the bacterial community composition and culturability under varying storage conditions. The G. max bacterial microbiome was analyzed from undried seed, dried seed, and seed stored for 0, 3, 6, and 14months. Storage temperatures consisted of −20°C, 4°C, and room temperature (RT), with −20°C being commonly used in seed storage vaults globally. The seed microbiome of G. max was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria under all conditions. Undried seed was dominated by Pantoea (33.9%) and Pseudomonas (51.1%); however, following drying, the abundance of Pseudomonas declined significantly (0.9%), Pantoea increased significantly (73.6%), and four genera previously identified including Pajaroellobacter, Nesterenkonia, env.OPS_17, and Acidibacter were undetectable. Subsequent storage at RT, 4, or −20°C maintained high-abundance Genera at the majority of time points, although RT caused greater fluctuations in abundances. For many of the low-abundance Genera, storage at −20°C resulted in their gradual disappearance, whereas storage at 4°C or RT resulted in their more rapid disappearance. The changes in seed bacterial composition were reflected by cultured bacterial taxa obtained from the stored G. max seed. The main taxa were largely culturable and had similar relative abundance, while many, but not all, of the low-abundance taxa were also culturable. Overall, these results indicate that the initial seed drying affects the seed bacterial composition, suggesting that microbial isolation prior to seed drying is recommended to conserve these microbes. The standard seed storage condition of −20°C is most suitable for conservation of the bacterial seed microbiome, as this storage temperature slows down the loss of seed bacterial diversity over longer time periods, particularly low-abundance taxa.

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Geochemical modeling of chromium oxidation and treatment of polluted waters by RO/NF membrane processes

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19709 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ilaria Fuoco ◽

Alberto Figoli ◽

Alessandra Criscuoli ◽

Rosanna De Rosa ◽

Bartolo Gabriele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Path ◽

Geochemical Modeling ◽

High Mobility ◽

Water Type ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

Serpentine Minerals ◽

Path Modelling ◽

Reaction Path Modelling ◽

Polluted Waters ◽

Water Rock Interaction

Geogenic Cr(VI) contamination is a worldwide environmental issue which mainly occurs in areas where ophiolitic rocks crop out. In these areas Cr (VI) can reach high concentrations into groundwaters becoming highly dangerous for human health. Indeed Cr(VI) is recognized as highly toxic element with high mobility and bioavailability [1]. Due to these features, starting from July 2017, Italian government has lowered the Cr(VI) limit value for drinking water to 10 &#181;g/L. To improve the living standards in contaminated areas, it is needed (i) to understand the release and fate of contaminant during the water-rock interaction and (ii) to develop efficient remediation systems for natural polluted waters. In this regard, a complementary study on genesis and treatment of a Cr-rich groundwater coming from Italian ophiolitic aquifers was conducted. Reaction path modelling is a proven geochemical tool to understand the release of Cr and its oxidation from Cr(III) to Cr(VI) during the water-rock interaction. The generally accepted hypothesis of scientific community is that geogenic Cr(III) oxidation&#160; is driven by the reduction of trivalent and tetravalent manganese (Mn(III); Mn (IV)) [2] whereas in this work the role of trivalent Fe hosted in serpentine minerals was re-evaluated. Unlike Mn, Fe is the main oxidant present in suitable amount in these rocks. Literature data confirmed the presence of Fe(III) into serpentine minerals hence reaction path modelling was performed varying the Fe (III)/Fe(tot) ratio ranging&#160; from 0.60 to 1.00. The theoretical paths, reproduce the analytical concentrations of relevant solutes, including Cr(VI), in the Mg-HCO3 water type hosted in the ophiolitic aquifers of Italy [3]. With increasing of Fe(III)/Fe(tot) ratio in serpentine minerals, high Cr(VI) concentration hold into solution until high alkalinity values. In addition, the spring with the highest Cr(VI) content (75 &#181;g/L) was treated to lower its concentration below the threshold values. &#160;In this work membrane technologies were used as&#160; innovative method considering their many benefits, like the improvement of product quality without using chemicals [4]. A laboratory-scale set-up was used to carry out both Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) experiments. The experiments were conducted on different commercial membranes: one NF membrane module named DK (polyamide) and two RO membrane modules named AD (polyamide) and CD (cellulose).Tests were performed varying the operating pressures, and high Cr(VI) rejections (around 95%) were reached for all tested membranes, leading to a water containing Cr(VI) in concentrations below the threshold limits. The high flux, obtained already at lower operating pressures (27 L/m2h-10bar), combined with high selectivity towards Cr(VI) makes NF a favorable remediation option. The results obtained in this work are in line with the few data available in the literature for natural contaminated waters and there are quite promising for future scientific developments and application.&#160;&#160;References[1]Marinho B. A. et al., 2019. Environ Sci Pollut Res,&#160;26(3), 2203-2227[2]Oze C. et al., 2007. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 6544&#8211;6549[3]Apollaro C. et al., 2019. Sci. Total Environ. 660, 1459-1471[4]Figoli &#160;A. & Criscuoli &#160;A., 2017. Springer (Singapore); ISBN:9789811056215

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