scholarly journals Caesarean Section Rates and Activity-Based Funding in Northern Norway: A Model-Based Study Using the World Health Organization’s Recommendation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jan Norum ◽  
Tove Elisabeth Svee
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Birth Registry ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Objective. Caesarean section (CS) rates vary significantly worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a maximum CS rate of 15%. Norwegian hospitals are paid per CS (activity-based funding), employing the diagnosis-related group (DRG) system. We aimed to document how financial incentives can be affected by reduced CS rates, according to the WHO’s recommendation. Methods. We employed a model-based analysis and included the 2016 data from the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR) and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN). The vaginal birth rate and CS rates of each hospital trust in Northern Norway were analyzed. Results. There were 4,860 deliveries and a 17.5% CS rate (range 13.9–20.3%). The total funding of the deliveries was €16,351,335 (CS: €6,389,323; vaginal births: €9,962,012). The CS rate varied significantly and was lower in the southern region (P<0.002). Consequently, the introduction of a cutoff at a 15% CS rate would gain the two southern hospital trusts by a budget increase of 0.2%. The two northern ones would experience 6.4% less resources. A total of €644,655 could be allocated to further quality and safety initiatives in obstetrics. Conclusion. The economic consequences of the model-based financial incentive were low, but probably sufficient to get the necessary attention and influence on the CS rate. Recommendations. A financial incentive for the reduction of CS rates should be tested as a supplement to other instruments.

Accounting for the Rising Caesarean Section Rate in Canada: What Are the Roles of Changing Needs, Practices, and Incentives?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Baker ◽  
Maripier Isabelle ◽  
Mark Stabile ◽  
Sara Allin
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Caesarean Section Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Health Organization

In most high-income countries, including Canada, the share of births by Caesarean section (C‑section) has risen over the past decades to far exceed World Health Organization recommendations of the proportion justified on medical grounds (15 percent). Although unnecessary C-sections represent an important cost for health care systems, they are not associated with clear benefits for the mother and the child and can sometimes represent additional risks. Drawing on administrative records of nearly four million births in Canada, as well as macro data from the United States and Australia, we provide a comprehensive account of rising C-section rates. We explicitly consider the contributions of the main factors brought forward in the policy literature, including changing characteristics of mothers, births, and physicians as well as changing financial incentives for C-section deliveries. These factors account for at most one-half of the increase in C-section rates. The majority of the remaining increase in C-sections over the period 1994–2011 occurred in the early 2000s. We suggest that some event or shock in the early 2000s is likely the primary determinant of the recent strong increase in the C-section rate in Canada.

COVID-19: Socio-Economic Consequences on the Hospitality Industry in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-52
Author(s):  
Nur Hidayah Che Ahmat ◽  
Syafiqah Rahamat ◽  
Susan Wohlsdorf Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province China before emerging in neighbouring countries in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic when the spreading of the virus started accelerating in many parts of the world and killing thousands of people. As of 22nd May 2021, there were more than 166 million confirmed cases with more than 147 million recovered and nearly 3.5 million deaths (Worldometers, n.d.). According to the WHO (2020) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), the virus easily spreads through coughing and sneezing. Therefore, many countries implemented social distancing between individuals and various other restriction orders or recommendations (e.g., stay-at-home policies, closure of non-essential businesses) to help curb virus spread. How governments in each country reacted to control the spread of the virus appeared crucial to mitigate public health and economic impacts. Keywords: Foodservice, Hospitality, Hotel, Malaysia, Pandemic

scholarly journals GERIATRIC SYNDROMES AND SARS-COV-2: MORE THAN JUST BEING OLD

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
I. Aprahamian ◽  
M. Cesari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Resource Center ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of 2019, China released a warning about an outbreak of pneumonia due to unknown causes (1). It was subsequently identified as a new coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a zoonotic large size RNA-based genome virus, responsible for this infectious disease (called Covid-19) (2). The disease spread worldwide. On March 11th 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the state of pandemic, foretelling a catastrophe with major health and economic consequences. On April 3th, 1,039,166 cases of SARS-CoV-2 and 55,092 deaths have already been reported around the world (Johns Hopkins University & Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center; https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html; last access April 4th). Unfortunately, the complete clinical and epidemiological picture of Covid-19 is still unclear. This coronavirus is highly contagious (primarily airborne, but also through contact with infected surfaces), and its severity ranges from asymptomatic/mild forms (the majority) to very severe cases (3). Currently, we are facing several challenges of difficult solution, such as lack of hospital and intensive care beds, shortage of personal protective equipment for health professionals, the loneliness and economic problems of isolated people, and the race for a vaccine and effective treatments.

scholarly journals UTEROTONIC DRUGS IN THE PREVENTION OF POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Z.G. Khamidullina ◽  
A.Zh. Myrzabekova ◽  
A.Zh. Syzdykova
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Postpartum Hemorrhage ◽  
Maternal Morbidity ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Active Management ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In the world practice, hemorrhages in obstetrics take leading positions within the causes of maternal morbidity and mortal ity. 800 women die every day due to childbirth complications under the data of the World Health Organization. The majority of maternal deaths occur during the perinatal period, usually within 24 hours postpartum. It is possible to prevent most of them. Lack of adequate pre-conceptional training, uncompensated extragenital diseases increase the percentage of pathological births. Consequently, practicing obstetricians-gynecologists have to face such childbirth complications as postpartum hemorrhage with increasing frequency. Uterine atonia is the main cause of postpartum hemorrhages. Uterotonic drugs administration enables to re- duce the risk of postpartum atonic hemorrhages. Particular attention should be paid to postpartum hemorrhage prevention, i.e. the use of uterotonic drugs as an integral part of the active management during the third period in natural labor and caesarean section.

CORONA VIRUS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1(82)) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
A. Alsabunchi ◽  
O. Alsabunchi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Developing countries now account for three-quarters of the 100,000 daily new coronavirus cases that authorities around the world are reporting. The steady rise is alarming, according to the World Health Organization, as many epidemiologists say they think the figures are being underreported. While the numbers are increasing, governments in developing countries say they have had little choice but to relax what restrictions they put in place because otherwise they would face financial ruin. India lifted its lockdown the same day it saw a record rise in infections. At a time when developing country government budgets are under pressure to deal with the health crisis and its economic consequences, debt payments could be a serious diversion of scarce resources.

scholarly journals Battling Against COVID-19 Infodemic in Indonesia: A Sociocybernetics Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142
Author(s):  
Lovira Putri ◽  
Reno F. Rafly
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
World Health ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Single Entity ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

As Indonesians collectively fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, the nation is simultaneously combatting the rampant spread of misinformation related to COVID-19. This phenomenon is often referred to as an ‘infodemic,’ defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the mass spread of information, factual or nonfactual, during a disease outbreak. In this article, we employ the methods of sociocybernetics analysis to examine the COVID-19 infodemic in Indonesia. We divide this paper into two sections. In the first section, we lay out the current state of the problem in Indonesia -how misinformation has challenged the post-pandemic recovery and changed the dynamics of Indonesian society at all levels, ranging from individuals to the society as-a-whole.  In the second section, we propose a model, based on the approach of sociocybernetics, by which we propose to assess this challenge not just as a single entity but as a continuous, looping process, from the conception to the impact it has caused at all levels (micro, meso, and macro) of society. Given the complexity of this issue, we propose to develop an awareness and the education of cybernetics or systems thinking across multiple sectors when dealing with the infodemic in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Relationships between Exposure to Bioaerosols, Moldy Surface and Symptoms in French Mold-Damaged Homes

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Antoine Delanoë ◽  
Natacha Heutte ◽  
Stéphanie Gente ◽  
Virginie Séguin ◽  
David Garon
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aspergillus Versicolor ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Air quality in homes is a major concern in Europe, where people spend most of their time indoors. According to the World Health Organization, numerous houses are subject to dampness that can lead to mold growth, with associated health and economic consequences. Our goal was to characterize the human exposure to bioaerosols in French mold-damaged houses but also to study the effects of these bioaerosols as suffered by the inhabitants of these houses. A global approach including both field study and laboratory experimentation was used to investigate 48 mold-damaged homes. Among a wide fungal diversity, 101 viable species, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum and P. crustosum were observed as recurrent species and could be used as microbial indicators of indoor air quality. Statistical analyses highlighted a relationship between the concentrations of these recurrent molds and the levels of surface contamination by molds in homes. Fever, cough, dyspnea, flu-like symptoms were observed with several fungal strains (A. versicolor, P. chrysogenum and P. crustosum) or in relation to moldy odor. Relationships between particles of 2 to 15 µm diameter and headaches and dizziness were also observed. In our study, we identified a cutaneous effect (itching) in relationship to the airborne concentration of A. versicolor.

A Systematic Review of the Indirect and Social Costs for Early and Young Onset Dementias

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Manuel Ruiz-Adame
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Young Onset ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The World Health Organization has estimated that worldwide around 50 million people have dementia. The World Alzheimer Report estimated that between 2 and 10% of all cases of dementia begin before the age of 65. Early and young onset dementias (EYOD) provoke more working, social, family, and economic consequences than late onset dementias. All general studies about costs of dementias show that most of them are indirect or social costs. Despite that, very few studies have been performed in EYOD. Objective: To do a systematic review of literature about indirect or social costs in EYOD to know the state of knowledge and to discover gaps that should be filled. Methods: A systematic review was performed in the main database: Scopus, PsychInfo, Web of Science (Web of Science Core Collection, Medline and SciELO), and CINAHL. Additionally, we looked for reviews in Cochrane and in the International Prospective Register Of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Results: Most of the studies are about costs of dementias in general, but they do no differentiate costs for the case of EYOD. Many studies highlight the increased costs for EYOD but very little included evidence of that. 135 papers were selected. Finally, only two were studies providing data. EYOD reduce the odds to get or maintain a job. Most of the care is provided by informal caregivers. The costs in EYOD are 39.26% higher among EYOD than in late onset. Conclusion: There is a lack of studies about social and indirect costs in EYOD. More evidence is needed.

scholarly journals Velimir Šonje i Kristijan Kotarski: Korona ekonomika: pet jahača apokalipse

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
Predrag Bejaković
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Costs ◽  
The World ◽  
International Importance ◽  
Health Organization

Relatively fast due to the large number infected and killed in a pandemic COVID-19, the World Health Organization, pointed out that this is an extraordinary event situation for public health of international importance, which certainly has an impact on society and social policy. Numerous countries around the world are implementing diverse measures to stop the spread of the virus. This inevitably affects a number of constraints in much of society and has very adverse economic consequences. The situation is so much more complex and demanding that in fact and a year after the outbreak of the pandemic yet not all the determinants of hers are always known and how to determine and implement measures to save human lives, but also to preserve the economy as much as possible. ON the complexity of this relationship is extremely interesting the book was prepared by Velimir Šonje and Kristijan Kotarski and published in 2020 by Arhivanalitika from Zagreb. On the whole, the authors very argumentatively and clearly state the economic and health costs of lockdown that may also be measurable and the loss of human lives.

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