scholarly journals Effects of Motor Training on Accuracy and Precision of Jaw and Finger Movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yinan Chen ◽  
Song Wu ◽  
Zhengting Tang ◽  
Jinglu Zhang ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Trigeminal System ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Fixed Target ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lifting Task

Objective. To compare the effects of training of jaw and finger movements with and without visual feedback on precision and accuracy. Method. Twenty healthy participants (10 men and 10 women; mean age 24.6±0.8 years) performed two tasks: a jaw open-close movement and a finger lifting task with and without visual feedback before and after 3-day training. Individually determined target positions for the jaw corresponded to 50% of the maximal jaw opening position, and a fixed target position of 20 mm was set for the finger. Movements were repeated 10 times each. The variability in the amplitude of the movements was expressed as percentage in relation to the target position (Daccu—accuracy) and as coefficient of variation (CVprec—precision). Result. Daccu and CVprec were significantly influenced by visual feedback (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) and reduced after training jaw and finger movements (P<0.001). Daccu (P=0.004) and CVprec (P=0.019) were significantly different between jaw and finger movements. The relative changes in Daccu (P=0.017) and CVprec (P=0.027) were different from pretraining to posttraining between jaw and finger movements. Conclusion. The accuracy and precision of standardized jaw and finger movements are dependent on visual feedback and appears to improve more by training in the trigeminal system possibly reflecting significant neuroplasticity in motor control mechanisms.

Jaw and Finger Movement Accuracy under Visual and Nonvisual Feedback Conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1129-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc F. De Nil ◽  
Sophie J. Lafaille
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Movement Error ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
On Line ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The present study revisited the issue whether the presence of added visual feedback differentially affects the accuracy of finger and jaw movements. 15 men were instructed to move either the index finger on the dominant (right) hand, or the jaw, to a predefined target position with the highest precision possible. During execution of the task, on-line visual feedback of the moving articulator was either present or removed In contrast to previous findings, significant improvement was observed for both finger and jaw movements in the visual feedback condition. Movement error in the nonvisual condition was proportionally greater for finger than for jaw movements which may have reflected a speed-accuracy trade-off because finger movements in the nonvisual condition were executed significantly faster than those of the jaw. The present findings support the beneficial effects of adding visual feedback during dynamic oral and finger movements that require a high spatial precision. Such findings support current methods of clinical intervention in speech-language pathology and other disciplines. Furthermore, the results contribute to our understanding of the role of various modalities of feedback during motor execution.

scholarly journals RhoA/ROCK pathway is the major molecular determinant of basal tone in intact human internal anal sphincter

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (7) ◽  
pp. G664-G675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Rattan ◽  
Jagmohan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Rock Inhibitor ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Motility Disorders ◽  
Basal Tone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rational Therapy

The knowledge of molecular control mechanisms underlying the basal tone in the intact human internal anal sphincter (IAS) is critical for the pathophysiology and rational therapy for a number of debilitating rectoanal motility disorders. We determined the role of RhoA/ROCK and PKC pathways by comparing the effects of ROCK- and PKC-selective inhibitors Y 27632 and Gö 6850 (10−8to 10−4M), respectively, on the basal tone in the IAS vs. the rectal smooth muscle (RSM). Western blot studies were performed to determine the levels of RhoA/ROCK II, PKC-α, MYPT1, CPI-17, and MLC20in the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms, in the IAS vs. RSM. Confocal microscopic studies validated the membrane distribution of ROCK II. Finally, to confirm a direct relationship, we examined the enzymatic activities and changes in the basal IAS tone and p-MYPT1, p-CPI-17, and p-MLC20, before and after Y 27632 and Gö 6850. Data show higher levels of RhoA/ROCK II and related downstream signal transduction proteins in the IAS vs. RSM. In addition, data show a significant correlation between the active RhoA/ROCK levels, ROCK enzymatic activity, downstream proteins, and basal IAS tone, before and after ROCK inhibitor. From these data we conclude 1) RhoA/ROCK and downstream signaling are constitutively active in the IAS, and this pathway (in contrast with PKC) is the critical determinant of the basal tone in intact human IAS; and 2) RhoA and ROCK are potential therapeutic targets for a number of rectoanal motility disorders for which currently there is no satisfactory treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of dental wear, stabilization appliance and anterior tooth reconstruction on mandibular movements during speech

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila de Oliveira Serrano ◽  
Fernanda Faot ◽  
Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury ◽  
Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Anterior Tooth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dental Wear ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Mandibular Movements

This study described changes in mandibular movements during pronunciation of /m/ and /s/ sounds in Portuguese, in patients presenting dental wear before and after appliance insertion and tooth reconstruction. Subjects were divided into a control group of dentate patients and an experimental group of patients with incisal tooth wear due to bruxism. A magnetic jaw tracking device measured the jaw opening, and translations to left and right sides of the mandible during pronunciation of phonemes. Evaluations were carried out 1 week and immediately before appliance insertion; 24 h, 7, 30 and 60 days after appliance insertion; and 1 week and 1 month after tooth reconstruction. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests (p<0.05). Jaw opening was different (p<0.05) for both sounds in all periods. The anteroposterior amplitude for /s/ showed differences immediately before and 1 month after appliance insertion (p<0.05). Lateral amplitude for the right side showed differences between groups after appliance insertion for /s/, and 1 and 2 months after appliance insertion for the /m/ (p<0.05). Volunteers with anterior tooth wear had a wider opening movement, and the movements during speech of /m/ and /s/ sounds were not changed after appliance insertion and reconstruction of teeth.

scholarly journals Impact Loading During Distracted Running Before and After Auditory Gait Retraining

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (14) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ching ◽  
Winko An ◽  
Ivan Au ◽  
Janet Zhang ◽  
Zoe Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Impact Loading ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Gait Retraining ◽  
Positive Acceleration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Sound

AbstractVisual feedback gait retraining has been reported to successfully reduce impact loading in runners, even when the runners were distracted. However, auditory feedback is more feasible in real life application. Hence, this study compared the peak positive acceleration (PPA), vertical average (VALR) and instantaneous (VILR) loading rate during distracted running before and after a course of auditory feedback gait retraining in 16 runners. The runners were asked to land with softer footfalls with and without auditory feedback. Low or high sound pitch was generated according to the impact of particular footfall, when compared with the preset target. Runners then received a course of auditory gait retraining, and after the gait retraining, runners completed a reassessment. Runners before gait retraining exhibited lower PPA, VALR and VILR with augmented auditory feedback (p<0.049). We found a reduction in PPA, VALR and VILR after gait retraining, regardless of the presence of feedback (p<0.018). However, runners after gait retraining did not demonstrate further reduction in PPA and VALR with auditory feedback (p>0.104). A small effect of auditory feedback on VILR in runners after gait retraining was observed (p=0.032). Real time auditory feedback gait retraining is effective in impact loading reduction, even when the runners were distracted.

scholarly journals Role of SM22 in the differential regulation of phasic vs. tonic smooth muscle

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (7) ◽  
pp. G605-G612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Rattan ◽  
Mehboob Ali
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Rho Kinase ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Tonic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protein Kinase C Inhibitor

Preliminary proteomics studies between tonic vs. phasic smooth muscles identified three distinct protein spots identified to be those of transgelin (SM22). The latter was found to be distinctly downregulated in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) vs. rectal smooth muscle (RSM) SMC. The major focus of the present studies was to examine the differential molecular control mechanisms by SM22 in the functionality of truly tonic smooth muscle of the IAS vs. the adjoining phasic smooth muscle of the RSM. We monitored SMC lengths before and after incubation with pFLAG-SM22 (for SM22 overexpression), and SM22 small-interfering RNA. pFLAG-SM22 caused concentration-dependent and significantly greater relaxation in the IAS vs. the RSM SMCs. Conversely, temporary silencing of SM22 caused contraction in both types of the SMCs. Further studies revealed a significant reverse relationship between the levels of SM22 phosphorylation and the amount of SM22-actin binding in the IAS and RSM SMC. Data showed higher phospho-SM22 levels and decreased SM22-actin binding in the IAS, and reverse to be the case in the RSM SMCs. Experiments determining the mechanism for SM22 phosphorylation in these smooth muscles revealed that Y-27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor) but not Gö-6850 (protein kinase C inhibitor) caused concentration-dependent decreased phosphorylation of SM22. We speculate that SM22 plays an important role in the regulation of basal tone via Rho kinase-induced phosphorylation of SM22.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to “Effects of Motor Training on Accuracy and Precision of Jaw and Finger Movements”

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Yinan Chen ◽  
Song Wu ◽  
Zhengting Tang ◽  
Jinglu Zhang ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Training ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Accuracy And Precision

Sumatriptan and Corneal Reflexes in Headache-Free Migraine Patients: A Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Busch ◽  
S Kaube ◽  
W Schulte-Mattler ◽  
H Kaube ◽  
A May
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Trigeminal System ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Nociceptive Blink Reflex ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Corneal Reflex ◽  
Baseline Response

A temporary sensitization of central trigeminal neurones in migraine patients during acute attacks has been described in previous studies using the electrically evoked nociceptive blink reflex. The cornea is innervated by small myelinated A-delta and unmyelinated C-fibres only. Stimulation with air puffs activates peripheral nociceptors and allows the investigation of peripheral trigeminal nerve structures. Our objective was to investigate whether corneal reflex examinations with air puff stimulation detect abnormalities in migraineurs during their pain-free interval and if the corneal reflex may be modulated by the administration of an oral triptan. After validation of the nociceptive air puff technique by investigating the corneal reflexes before and after a local anaesthesia of the cornea, we recorded corneal reflexes in 25 migraineurs during their pain-free period and 25 healthy controls before and after the oral administration of 100 mg sumatriptan in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Baseline response areas under the curve (AUCs) and latencies of the R2 components of the corneal reflexes did not show any significant differences between patients and controls. Patients did not show any significant differences regarding their headache and non-headache side. The use of an oral triptan had no significant influence on latencies or AUCs in both patients and controls. Our data suggest that there is no facilitation of the trigeminal system in the headache-free interval among patients with migraine. The stable corneal reflexes after the oral administration of 100 mg sumatriptan suggest that there was no inhibition of the trigeminal system, both in patients during their headache-free period and in healthy controls.

scholarly journals Dynamic visual cues induce jaw opening and closing by tiger beetles during pursuit of prey

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 20140760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Zurek ◽  
Madeleine Q. Perkins ◽  
Cole Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Motion Blur ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Target Image ◽  
Binocular Field ◽  
Fast Running ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Opening And Closing

In dynamic locomotory contexts, visual cues often trigger adaptive behaviour by the viewer, yet studies investigating how animals determine impending collisions typically employ either stationary viewers or objects. Here, we describe a dynamic situation of visually guided prey pursuit in which both impending prey contact and escape elicit observable adaptive behaviours in the pursuer, a predatory beetle. We investigated which visual cues may independently control opening and closing of the beetle's jaws during chases of prey dummies. Jaw opening and closing typically occur when prey is within the 60° binocular field, but not at specific distances, angular sizes or time-to-collision. We show that a sign change in the expansion rate of the target image precedes jaw opening (16 ms) and closing (35 ms), signalling to the beetle that it is gaining on the target or that the target is getting away. We discuss the ‘sloppiness' of such variation in the lag of the behavioural response, especially jaw closing, as an adaptation to uncertainty about target position due to degradation of the target image by motion blur from the fast-running beetle.

scholarly journals Integration of auditory and somatosensory error signals in the neural control of speech movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqiang Feng ◽  
Vincent L. Gracco ◽  
Ludo Max
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Jaw Position

We investigated auditory and somatosensory feedback contributions to the neural control of speech. In task I, sensorimotor adaptation was studied by perturbing one of these sensory modalities or both modalities simultaneously. The first formant (F1) frequency in the auditory feedback was shifted up by a real-time processor and/or the extent of jaw opening was increased or decreased with a force field applied by a robotic device. All eight subjects lowered F1 to compensate for the up-shifted F1 in the feedback signal regardless of whether or not the jaw was perturbed. Adaptive changes in subjects' acoustic output resulted from adjustments in articulatory movements of the jaw or tongue. Adaptation in jaw opening extent in response to the mechanical perturbation occurred only when no auditory feedback perturbation was applied or when the direction of adaptation to the force was compatible with the direction of adaptation to a simultaneous acoustic perturbation. In tasks II and III, subjects' auditory and somatosensory precision and accuracy were estimated. Correlation analyses showed that the relationships 1) between F1 adaptation extent and auditory acuity for F1 and 2) between jaw position adaptation extent and somatosensory acuity for jaw position were weak and statistically not significant. Taken together, the combined findings from this work suggest that, in speech production, sensorimotor adaptation updates the underlying control mechanisms in such a way that the planning of vowel-related articulatory movements takes into account a complex integration of error signals from previous trials but likely with a dominant role for the auditory modality.

The Use of Visual Feedback to Elicit Correct /r/

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda I. Shuster ◽  
Dennis M. Ruscello ◽  
Amy R. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Type Feedback

Biofeedback in the form of the visual display from the monitor of a real-time spectrograph was presented to a 10-year-old boy and a 14-year-old girl who had been unable to attain correct production of /r/ despite years of treatment. Both perceptual ratings and acoustic measures were made of the clients' productions of /r/ before and after treatment with the spectrograph. The results indicated that children and adolescents can use this type feedback to attain correct production of /r/ when other methods have failed. Potential reasons for the success of this approach are discussed.

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