Congenital Aplasia of the Common Carotid Artery: A Comprehensive Review

In an attempt to describe the morphofunctional consequences of uni- and bilateral aplasia of the common carotid artery (CCA), which is usually a vascular source of the external carotid (ECA) and internal carotid (ICA) arteries, we investigated online databases of anatomical and clinical papers published from the 18th century to the present day. We found 87 recorded cases of uni- and bilateral CCA aplasia in subjects from the first hours to the eighth decade of life, which had been discovered in 14 (known) countries. Four crucial parameters were described: the embryology of the carotid arteries, morphophysiology of the carotid arteries, CCA aplasia, and unilateral versus bilateral CCA aplasia, including history, general data, diagnosing, vascular sources, caliber, course of the separated ECA and ICA, associated vascular variants, and pathological disorders. To complete the knowledge of the morphofunctional consequences of the absence of some artery of the carotid system, and risking the possibility of repeating some words, as “carotid artery”, or “carotid aplasia” and the headings from our previous article about bilateral ICA absence, this review is the first in the literature that recorded all cases of the CCA aplasia published and/or cited for the past 233 years. Main characteristic of the CCA absence is its association with 21 different diseases, among which the aneurysms were in 13.69% of cases, and 17.80% of cases were without pathology.

Download Full-text

CME Test for Congenital Absence of the Common Carotid Artery With Common Origin of the Internal and External Carotid Arteries

Journal for Vascular Ultrasound ◽

10.1177/1544316718784422 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 88-88

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Common Origin ◽

Congenital Absence ◽

External Carotid ◽

The Common

Download Full-text

A New Technique to Induce Experimental Myointimal Hyperplasia

Medical Principles and Practice ◽

10.1159/000492575 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 415-419

Author(s):

Sami Asfar ◽

Ali Shuaib ◽

Fatemah Al-Otaibi ◽

Sora S. Asfar ◽

Narayana Kilarkaje

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Contralateral Side ◽

External Carotid Artery ◽

External Carotid ◽

The Common ◽

A New Technique ◽

Histopathological Studies ◽

Common Carotid Arteries

Background: Arterial myointimal hyperplasia (MIH) has a significant impact on the long-term outcomes of vascular procedures such as bypass surgery and angioplasty. In this study, we describe a new and innovative technique to induce MIH using a dental flossing cachet in Wistar rats. Methods: The intimal damage in the common carotid artery was induced by inserting the tip of the dental flossing cachet through the external carotid artery into the common carotid artery and turning it on for 3 rounds of 20 s each (n = 10). After 2 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the common carotid arteries of the experimental side and the contralateral side (control) were harvested and preserved for histopathological studies. Results: The experimental carotid arteries showed significant intimal proliferation and thickening compared to the controls. The intima/media ratio of the experimental and normal (control) common carotid arteries were 1.274 ± 0.162 and 0.089 ± 0.023 (mean ± SEM), respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This technique is simple, inexpensive, and highly reproducible and it induces sufficient MIH to study this phenomenon in animal models.

Download Full-text

Computational analysis to predict the effect of pre-bifurcation stenosis on the hemodynamics of the internal and external carotid arteries

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES ◽

10.15282/jmes.14.3.2020.05.0550 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 7029-7039

Author(s):

Hugo Bouteloup ◽

Johann Guimaraes de Oliveira Marinho ◽

Surapong Chatpun ◽

Daniel M. Espino

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Patient Specific ◽

External Carotid ◽

Shear Stresses ◽

Flow Profile ◽

Velocity Flow ◽

The Common

This study assessed the hemodynamics of a patient-specific multiple stenosed common carotid artery including its bifurcation into internal and external carotid arteries; ICA and ECA, respectively. A three-dimensional computational model of the common carotid artery was reconstructed using a process of segmentation. Computational fluid dynamics was applied with the assumption that blood is Newtonian and incompressible under pulsatile conditions through the stenotic artery and subsequent bifurcation. Blood was modelled as ‘normal’ and ‘hyperglycaemic’. A region of large recirculation was found to form at bifurcation. The asymmetric velocity flow profile through the ICA was evident through the cardiac cycle with higher velocity at the inner walls of ICA. Hyperglycaemia was found to increase wall shear stresses on the carotid artery and reduce the blood velocity by as much as 4 times in ECA. In conclusion, hemodynamics in ICA and ECA are not equally affected by stenosis, with hyperglycaemic blood potentially providing additional complications to the clinical case.

Download Full-text

Congenital Absence of the Common Carotid Artery With Common Origin of the Internal and External Carotid Arteries

Journal for Vascular Ultrasound ◽

10.1177/1544316718779438 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 78-81

Author(s):

Maen Aboul Hosn ◽

Amy Messner ◽

William J. Sharp

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Vascular Anomaly ◽

Common Origin ◽

Congenital Absence ◽

External Carotid ◽

Asymptomatic Patients ◽

The Common ◽

The Right

Congenital absence of the common carotid artery is a rare vascular anomaly that is usually discovered incidentally in otherwise asymptomatic patients and can potentially pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Although it has been typically associated with separate origins of the internal and external carotid arteries, a common origin of both arteries is exceedingly rare and has been reported in 6 cases to date. We present the case of a 70-year-old female, who was referred for a carotid ultrasound after a carotid bruit was auscultated. Carotid duplex scan identified the congenital absence of the right common carotid artery with no significant internal carotid stenosis. This was confirmed by a computed tomography angiography scan of the neck, which showed the right internal and external carotid arteries sharing a common origin off the distal brachiocephalic artery.

Download Full-text

Investigation of the bifurcation level of the common carotid artery and variations of the branches of the external carotid artery in human fetuses

Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger ◽

10.1016/j.aanat.2005.03.007 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 187 (4) ◽

pp. 361-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Özlem Zümre ◽

Ahmet Salbacak ◽

Aynur Emine Çiçekcibaşi ◽

Işık Tuncer ◽

Muzaffer Seker

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

External Carotid Artery ◽

External Carotid ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

The Common

Download Full-text

Endothelial shear rate, local and regional vascular stiffness in patients in different stages of atherogenesis

Regional blood circulation and microcirculation ◽

10.24884/1682-6655-2016-15-3-50-56 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 50-56

Author(s):

V. V. Genkel ◽

A. O. Salachenko ◽

O. A. Alekseeva ◽

I. I. Shaposhnik

Keyword(s):

Shear Stress ◽

Shear Rate ◽

Carotid Artery ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Vascular Stiffness ◽

Stiffness Index ◽

The Common ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Introduction and purpose. Endothelial cells are subjected to biomechanical stress produced by the bloodstream and tunica media of the vessel. Vascular stiffness and endothelial shear stress have cooperative effects on the endothelial structure and function. However, the relationship of shear stress and arterial stiffness is still poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship of endothelial shear rate and both local and regional vascular stiffness in patients at different stages of the development of atherosclerosis. Methods. The study included 60 patients, 33 men and 27 women. The average age of patients was 54.8±11.7 years. Regional arterial stiffness was assessed by measurement of the pulse wave velocity in the arteries of elastic and muscular types. Local stiffness of the carotid arteries was characterized by Peterson elastic modulus, Young's modulus, stiffness index β, the deformation of the common carotid artery. Endothelial shear rate was measured at the site of the common carotid artery. Results. Average values of carotid endothelial shear rate were equal to 433±127 s-1. Reduced endothelial shear rate in the carotid arteries was associated with an increased Peterson modulus (r = -0.289; p = 0.025) and the stiffness index β (r = -0.280; p = 0.037), and moreover - with decreasing vascular distensibility (r = 0.288; p = 0.026) and deformation (r = 0.296; p = 0.024). Assessment of the relationship between endothelial shear rate and regional vascular stiffness showed weak statistically significant negative correlation of shear rate and PWVcf (r = -0.367; p = 0.014). Conclusion. In study subjects endothelial shear rate reduction in the area of the common carotid artery was associated with an increased Peterson modulus, stiffness index β, decreasing deformation of carotid arteries and increase in aortic stiffness.

Download Full-text

Carotid artery diameter assessment in men and women and the relation to age, sex and body mass index using ultrasonography

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20213234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1274

Author(s):

Magaji G. Ojaare ◽

Terkimbi I. Annongu ◽

Chia D. Msuega ◽

Hameed O. Mohammad ◽

Abubakar Farati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Carotid Artery ◽

Internal Carotid Artery ◽

Body Mass ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Internal Carotid ◽

Left Internal Carotid Artery ◽

Luminal Diameter ◽

The Common

Background: Carotid artery dimensions are increasingly used for detecting early atherosclerosis and predicting clinical complications. Aim was to explore relationships between gender, age and body mass index (BMI) and the diameters of the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) using ultrasonography.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital between February-October, 2011. The 400 adult males and females above 18 years underwent carotid artery ultrasonography for measurement of the IMT of the common and internal carotid arteries. The influence of age, sex, weight, height, and the basal metabolic index (BMI) was investigated.Results: There were 239 (59.80%) males and 161 (40.20%) females aged between 18 to 81 years (Mean±SD, 36.74±14.79 years). The mean±SD diameters for right common carotid artery (RCCA) and left common carotid artery (LCCA) were 6.39±0.71mm and 6.28±0.74mm respectively. The right internal carotid artery (RICA) and left internal carotid artery (LICA) had mean±SD diameters of 4.63±0.63 mm and 4.61±0.63 mm respectively. The luminal diameters of the carotid arteries increased significantly with age and increased BMI. The luminal diameters of the CCA and ICA were significantly smaller in women than in men.Conclusions: Common carotid and internal carotid artery luminal diameter tends to be larger in men than women among adults and increases with age and BMI. There is no difference in the luminal diameter between the left and right carotid artery.

Download Full-text

Variations, relations and clinical significance of carotid arterial system in anterior neck: a cadaveric study

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20191311 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1127

Author(s):

Anasuya Ghosh ◽

Subhramoy Chaudhury ◽

Atin Datta

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Internal Carotid ◽

Hypoglossal Nerve ◽

Carotid Bifurcation ◽

External Carotid Artery ◽

Arterial System ◽

External Carotid ◽

The Common ◽

Carotid Arterial

Background: The common carotid, internal and external carotid arteries and their branches serve as major source of blood supply in head-neck region of human and are often encountered during numerous surgical and clinical interventions of neck.Methods: We dissected and examined both sides of neck in 49 well embalmed cadavers (98 sides). We recorded the following anatomical parameters of carotid arterial system-level of bifurcation, the relation between internal and external carotid arteries, branching pattern of anterior branches of external carotid artery, tortuosity in carotid arterial system, and relation of hypoglossal nerve with the carotid arteries.Results: In 56.16 % cases, the common carotid arterial bifurcation took place at the upper border of thyroid cartilage though high bifurcation was quite common (43.88%). The external carotid artery was located antero-medial to internal carotid artery in most cases (93.87%). Abnormal tortuosity of carotid arterial system was detected in 2.04% cases only. In 86.73% cases, the hypoglossal nerve crossed the internal and external carotid artery superior to carotid bifurcation above the level of hyoid bone while in 1 case it crossed immediately inferior to carotid bifurcation. In branching pattern, following variations were observed- linguo-facial trunk in 15.3% cases, thyro-lingual trunk in 5.1% cases, origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid in 10.02% cases and origin of superior thyroid from internal carotid in one case (1.02%).Conclusions: The carotid arterial system has complex and variable anatomy in neck and this information should be kept in mind to avoid unwanted damage during surgical procedures of neck.

Download Full-text