scholarly journals Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Voon Kin Chin ◽  
Voon Chen Yong ◽  
Pei Pei Chong ◽  
Syafinaz Amin Nordin ◽  
Rusliza Basir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Actual Mechanism

Human gut is home to a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem encompassing bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms that have an undisputable role in maintaining good health for the host. Studies on the interplay between microbiota in the gut and various human diseases remain the key focus among many researchers. Nevertheless, advances in sequencing technologies and computational biology have helped us to identify a diversity of fungal community that reside in the gut known as the mycobiome. Although studies on gut mycobiome are still in its infancy, numerous sources have reported its potential role in host homeostasis and disease development. Nonetheless, the actual mechanism of its involvement remains largely unknown and underexplored. Thus, in this review, we attempt to discuss the recent advances in gut mycobiome research from multiple perspectives. This includes understanding the composition of fungal communities in the gut and the involvement of gut mycobiome in host immunity and gut-brain axis. Further, we also discuss on multibiome interactions in the gut with emphasis on fungi-bacteria interaction and the influence of diet in shaping gut mycobiome composition. This review also highlights the relation between fungal metabolites and gut mycobiota in human homeostasis and the role of gut mycobiome in various human diseases. This multiperspective review on gut mycobiome could perhaps shed new light for future studies in the mycobiome research area.

Gut Mycobiota and Fungal Metabolites in Human Homeostasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabella Mogilnicka ◽  
Marcin Ufnal
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background:Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota play an important role in host’s homeostasis. Thus far, researchers have mostly focused on the role of bacterial microbiota. However, human gut is a habitat for several fungal species, which produce numerous metabolites. Furthermore, various types of food and beverages are rich in a wide spectrum of fungi and their metabolites.Methods:We searched PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify clinical and pre-clinical studies on fungal metabolites, composition of human mycobiota and fungal dysbiosis.Results:Fungal metabolites may serve as signaling molecules and exert significant biological effects including trophic, anti-inflammatory or antibacterial actions. Finally, research suggests an association between shifts in gut fungi composition and human health. Changes in mycobiota composition have been found in obesity, hepatitis and inflammatory bowel diseases.Conclusion:The influence of mycobiota and dietary fungi on homeostasis in mammals suggests a pharmacotherapeutic potential of modulating the mycobiota which may include treatment with probiotics and fecal transplantation. Furthermore, antibacterial action of fungi-derived molecules may be considered as a substitution for currently used antibacterial agents and preservatives in food industry.

Challenges in simulating the human gut for understanding the role of the microbiota in obesity

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aguirre ◽  
K. Venema
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Colonic Fermentation ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
In Vitro Simulation ◽  
In Vitro Systems ◽  
Specific Standard ◽  
Obese Subjects

There is an elevated incidence of cases of obesity worldwide. Therefore, the development of strategies to tackle this condition is of vital importance. This review focuses on the necessity of optimising in vitro systems to model human colonic fermentation in obese subjects. This may allow to increase the resolution and the physiological relevance of the information obtained from this type of studies when evaluating the potential role that the human gut microbiota plays in obesity. In light of the parameters that are currently used for the in vitro simulation of the human gut (which are mostly based on information derived from healthy subjects) and the possible difference with an obese condition, we propose to revise and improve specific standard operating procedures.

Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Colon Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina L. Hold
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Biofilms ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Host Health

The human gut microbiota plays a major role in the development and maintenance of good health. Many recent studies have attempted to define links between microbiota residents, their function and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Gut microbiota drive the development of inflammation within the colon and such inflammation is implicated in colonic neoplastic development. Although the precise mechanisms through which the microbiota is involved in cancer development remain elusive, the message is clear: the microbiota contributes to cancer risk by influencing a number of key host processes. It is also recognized that we have the ability to influence the role of the gut microbiota by considering our nutritional intake. We have always known that ‘we are what we eat' but it is also true that ‘they (our gut microbiota) are what we eat'. We therefore have a huge opportunity to positively influence our health through microbial manipulation. There is now a clear need to move past defining the constituents of the gastrointestinal microbiota and to focus more on understanding the functional capabilities of the resident microbial community and how this impacts on host health. One such emerging concept is the development of microbial biofilms which can form in the gut in conjunction with CRC tissue. By better understanding of the interaction between the host and its resident microbiota, in the context of health and cancer development, we will open new therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities for reducing the CRC global health burden.

scholarly journals The Human Gut Microbiome and Body Metabolism: Implications for Obesity and Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridevi Devaraj ◽  
Peera Hemarajata ◽  
James Versalovic
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Energy Harvest ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

BACKGROUND Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are major public health challenges. Recently, interest has surged regarding the possible role of the intestinal microbiota as potential novel contributors to the increased prevalence of these 3 disorders. CONTENT Recent advances in microbial DNA sequencing technologies have resulted in the widespread application of whole-genome sequencing technologies for metagenomic DNA analysis of complex ecosystems such as the human gut. Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota affect nutrient acquisition, energy harvest, and a myriad of host metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION Advances in the Human Microbiome Project and human metagenomics research will lead the way toward a greater understanding of the importance and role of the gut microbiome in metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.

scholarly journals IFT88 transports Gucy2d, a guanylyl cyclase, to maintain sensory cilia function in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Werner ◽  
Sihem Zitouni ◽  
Pilar Okenve-Ramos ◽  
Susana Mendonca ◽  
Anje Sporbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Intraflagellar Transport ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Sensory Cilia ◽  
Ciliated Neurons

Cilia are involved in a plethora of motility and sensory-related functions. Ciliary defects cause several ciliopathies, some of which with late-onset, suggesting cilia are actively maintained. While much is known about cilia assembly, little is understood about the mechanisms of their maintenance. Given that intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for cilium assembly, we investigated the role of one of its main players, IFT88, in ciliary maintenance. We show that DmIFT88, the Drosophila melanogaster orthologue of IFT88, continues to move along fully formed sensory cilia, and that its acute knockdown in the ciliated neurons of the adult affects sensory behaviour. We further identify DmGucy2d, the Drosophila guanylyl cyclase 2d, as a DmIFT88 cargo, whose loss also leads to defects in sensory behaviour maintenance. DmIFT88 binds to the intracellular part of DmGucy2d, a highly, evolutionarily conserved and mutated in several degenerative retina diseases, taking the cyclase into the cilia. Our results offer a novel mechanism for the maintenance of sensory cilia function and its potential role in human diseases.

scholarly journals Patterns of 'Analytical Irreproducibility' in Multimodal Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail R Basson ◽  
Fabio Cominelli ◽  
Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Data Distribution ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Disease Subtype ◽  
Visualization Of Data ◽  
Microbiome Data

Abstract Background: Multimodal diseases are those in which affected individuals can be divided into subtypes (or ‘data modes’); for instance, ‘mild’ vs. ‘severe’, based on (unknown) modifiers of disease severity exemplified in the majority of microbiome-mediated human diseases. Studies have shown that despite the inclusion of a large number of subjects, the causal role of the microbiome in human diseases remains uncertain. The role of the microbiome in multimodal diseases has been studied in animals; however, findings are often deemed irreproducible, or unreasonably biased, with pathogenic roles in 95% of reports. As a solution to repeatability, investigators have been recently recommended to seek funds to increase the number of human-microbiome donors (N) to increase the reproducibility of animal studies. Herein, we outline the constraints of such recommendation. Results: Using published (observed) mean±SD microbiome data from human gut microbiota (hGM)-associated rodent studies, we illustrate through a series of simulations, that increasing N will not uniformly/universally enable the identification of consistent statistical differences (patterns of analytical irreproducibility), due to random sampling from a population with ample variability in disease and the presence of ‘disease data subtypes’ (or modes). To visualize data distribution, we used kernel-density-violin plots (rarely used in rodent studies; 0%, 0/38, 95%CI=6.9e-18,9.1) as a method to identify ‘disease data subtypes’. We also found that hGM preclinical rodent studies do not use cluster statistics when needed (97.4%, 37/38, 95%CI=86.5,99.5), and that scientists who increased N, concurrently reduced the number of mice/donor ( y =-0.21 x, R 2 =0.24 ; and vice versa), indicating that statistically, scientists replace the disease variance in mice by the variance of human disease in their studies. Conclusion: Instead of assuming that increasing N will solve reproducibility and identify clinically-predictive findings on causality in preclinical microbiome studies, we propose the visualization of data distribution using kernel-density’-violin plots to identify ‘disease data subtypes’ to self-correct, guide and promote the personalized investigation of disease subtype mechanisms.

scholarly journals Studying the gut virome in the metagenomic era: challenges and perspectives

BMC Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanzhima Garmaeva ◽  
Trishla Sinha ◽  
Alexander Kurilshikov ◽  
Jingyuan Fu ◽  
Cisca Wijmenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Quantum Leap ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Technical Challenges ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract The human gut harbors a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. With the rise of next-generation sequencing technologies, we have seen a quantum leap in the study of human-gut-inhabiting bacteria, yet the viruses that infect these bacteria, known as bacteriophages, remain underexplored. In this review, we focus on what is known about the role of bacteriophages in human health and the technical challenges involved in studying the gut virome, of which they are a major component. Lastly, we discuss what can be learned from studies of bacteriophages in other ecosystems.

scholarly journals Helicobacter and the Potential Role in Neurological Disorders: There Is More Than Helicobacter pylori

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Gorlé ◽  
Eva Bauwens ◽  
Freddy Haesebrouck ◽  
Annemieke Smet ◽  
Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Metabolic Route ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Trillions of symbiotic microbial cells colonize our body, of which the larger part is present in the human gut. These microbes play an essential role in our health and a shift in the microbiome is linked to several diseases. Recent studies also suggest a link between changes in gut microbiota and neurological disorders. Gut microbiota can communicate with the brain via several routes, together called the microbiome–gut–brain axis: the neuronal route, the endocrine route, the metabolic route and the immunological route. Helicobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria colonizing the stomach, intestine and liver. Several papers show the role of H. pylori in the development and progression of neurological disorders, while hardly anything is known about other Helicobacter species and the brain. We recently reported a high prevalence of H. suis in patients with Parkinson’s disease and showed an effect of a gastric H. suis infection on the mouse brain homeostasis. Here, we discuss the potential role of H. suis in neurological disorders and how it may affect the brain via the microbiome–gut–brain axis.

scholarly journals The human gut virome: form and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley A. Ogilvie ◽  
Brian V. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Dominant Component ◽  
Microbial Ecosystems ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ecological Functioning

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and the application of metagenomic approaches have fuelled an exponential increase in our understanding of the human gut microbiome. These approaches are now also illuminating features of the diverse and abundant collection of viruses (termed the virome) subsisting with the microbial ecosystems residing within the human holobiont. Here, we focus on the current and emerging knowledge of the human gut virome, in particular on viruses infecting bacteria (bacteriophage or phage), which are a dominant component of this viral community. We summarise current insights regarding the form and function of this ‘human gut phageome’ and highlight promising avenues for future research. In doing so, we discuss the potential for phage to drive ecological functioning and evolutionary change within this important microbial ecosystem, their contribution to modulation of host–microbiome interactions and stability of the community as a whole, as well as the potential role of the phageome in human health and disease. We also consider the emerging concepts of a ‘core healthy gut phageome’ and the putative existence of ‘viral enterotypes’ and ‘viral dysbiosis’.

Experimental Amyloidosis Induced by Immune Complex

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
A. Kawaoi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Complex ◽  
Systemic Amyloidosis ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Experimental Amyloidosis ◽  
Freund’S Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Immunological Approach ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Numbers of immunological approach have been made to the amyloidosis through the variety of predisposing human diseases and the experimentally induced animals by the greater number of agents. The results suggest an important role of impaired immunity involving both humoral and cell-mediated aspects.Recently the author has succeeded in producing amyloidosis in the rabbits and mice by the injections of immune complex of heat denatured DNA.The aim of this report is to demonstrate the details of the ultrastructure of the amyloidosis induced by heterologous insoluble immune complex. Eleven of twelve mice, dd strain, subcutaneously injected twice a week with Freund's complete adjuvant and four of seven animals intraperitonially injected developed systemic amyloidosis two months later from the initial injections. The spleens were electron microscopically observed.

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