scholarly journals Approximations, Errors, and Misconceptions in the Use of Map Projections

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sergio Baselga ◽  
Michael J. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Map Projections ◽  
Scale Factors ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Area Determination

Global geodetic techniques currently can provide the user with worldwide millimeter accuracy. Preservation of this degree of accuracy in derived products is far from straightforward and may leave vast room for trouble in the different steps involved in the collection, storing, processing, analysis, and delivering of geospatial information. This paper is envisioned to serve as a guide for those utilizing map projections, in any possible form of application-cartography, GIS, remote sensing, photogrammetry, etc., to the common (and not so common) causes of error and misconception. This work also explores and questions the validity of some of approximations that are routinely implemented and quantifies the corresponding impact. These include the impact of neglecting meteorological corrections, reduction to ellipsoid and grid scale factors for distances, meridian convergence and arc-to-chord correction for angles, and mixing up with different frames and reference systems, height systems, or deceptively similar map projections. Correct indications are also given for accurately performing geospatial operations such as intersection of lines, determination of minimum point to line distance, and area determination for cadaster, which are often performed with suboptimal accuracy.

scholarly journals Assessment of Salivary Catalase, α-Amylase, and Cotinine Levels in Chronic Smokers: A Comparative Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satvinder Singh ◽  
Mamta Sharma ◽  
Nitika Rohilla ◽  
Varun Salgotra ◽  
Varun Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Salivary Cotinine ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Introduction One of the common practices observed in many parts of the world is smoking, of which tobacco forms an important constituent which is burned and inhaled. Smoking is known to have potential effect on body’s immune system, antioxidants level, and salivary cotinine levels. Hence, we planned the present study to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoke on salivary antioxidant levels and cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmokers. Materials and methods The present study included assessment of salivary parameters of smokers and nonsmokers. A total of 400 subjects were analyzed, of which 200 were active smokers and 200 were nonsmokers. Unstimulated salivary samples were taken and assessment of α-amylase levels was done using biochemical kit and spectrophotometer. Assessment of salivary catalase (CAT) activity was done using Luck method. For the determination of cotinine levels, Bioassay Technology Laboratory kit was used using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. After the assessment of levels of all the salivary parameters, all the data were recorded, compiled, and analyzed. Results α-Amylase in smokers and nonsmokers group was found to be 206.25 and 169.85 U/mL respectively. Nonsignificant results were obtained while comparing the salivary α-amylase levels among the two study groups. Nonsignificant results were obtained while comparing the salivary CAT levels among the smokers and nonsmokers group. We observed statistically significant results while comparing mean cotinine levels among smokers group and nonsmokers group. Conclusion Alteration in cotinine levels occurs in smokers in comparison to nonsmokers. Clinical significance Smoking can cause harmful effect on the oral mucous membrane by altering salivary defense components. How to cite this article Singh S, Sharma M, Rohilla N, Salgotra V, Kumar V, Sharma RK. Assessment of Salivary Catalase, α-Amylase, and Cotinine Levels in Chronic Smokers: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(3):253-256.

Nomads of the Steppe Ciscaucasia during the Great Reforms in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Irina V. Lidzhieva ◽  
Daniyal S. Kidirniyazov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The Impact

Based on an analysis of archival documents and periodical press materials, the present paper studies the impact of the liberal reforms of Alexander II on the policies of the imperial authorities for the nomadic peoples of the steppe of Ciscaucasia: the Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens. The liberal reforms of the 1860s and 1870s had a direct impact on the formation of the national intelligentsia, which during the revolutionary events of the early 20th century led to the rise of the national movement in the empires peripheries and to the struggle for self-determination of the non-Russian populations during the Russian Revolution of 1917. The article reconstructs individual facts and events from the life of the nomadic population under specific socio-economic and political-legal conditions. Using the historical-genetic method, the influence of liberal reforms on the vital activity of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol province is revealed. The authors focus on the activities of regional authorities during the period under review, which were liberal in nature and carried out in the context of the reforms of Alexander II. The authors conclude that the pre-Caucasus steppe, the territory of the nomadic Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens, being the national edge of the Russian Empire and falling under a special system of governance related to the ethnic and religious characteristics of the populations, was not drawn into the orbit of liberal reforms. Meanwhile, a number of measures were approved by the regional executive authorities on the ground, of course, first of all, aimed at satisfying the needs of the imperial policy for incorporating the region into the common imperial space, but at the same time improving the lives of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol province, in particular in the field of education and legal procedures.

Respiratory symptoms

2019 ◽  
pp. 365-384
Keyword(s):  
Support Service ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Care Assessment ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Respiratory Physiotherapy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Crisis Plan ◽  
The Impact

This chapter covers the common causes and management options for patients experiencing breathlessness in the palliative context. The breathlessness support service—a multiprofessional integrated service that combines respiratory, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and palliative care assessment and management—has undergone a successful randomized control trial as early effective integrative service in the management of chronic breathlessness. It consisted of consultation to assess the patient in detail; a ‘breathlessness package’ including information, management, and pacing guidance; a hand-held fan or water spray; and a poem (a short mantra to help breathing and relaxation) as a crisis plan. Multidisciplinary team members made follow-up visits to assess need for additional home aids and adaptations, to reinforce self-management, and to provide confidence and further guidance on pacing and exercises. Review consultations were done at regular intervals to replan as required. The impact was significantly positive.

scholarly journals Evaluation of DNA Damage in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) by Comet Assay for Determination of Possible Pollution in Lake Mogan (Ankara)

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1455-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmet Çok ◽  
Onur Kenan Ulutas ◽  
Öncü Okusluk ◽  
Emre Durmaz ◽  
Nilsun Demir
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Comet Assay ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Dna Strand

Contamination of the aquatic environment with various concentrations of pollutants results in unexpected threats to humans and wildlife. The consequences of exposure and metabolism of pollutants/xenobiotics, especially carcinogens and mutagens, can be suitably assessed by investigating severe events, such as DNA damage; for example, DNA adducts and DNA strand breaks. One of the commonly used techniques to detect DNA damage in aquatic organisms is single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). This study was carried out usingCyprinus carpioin order to identify the possible pollution in Lake Mogan, near Ankara, Turkey, where the city's sewer system and pesticides used in agriculture are believed to be the common causes of pollution. From the comet assay, the tail length (μm), tail intensity (%), and tail moment values of fish caught from Lake Mogan were found to be 31.10 ± 10.39, 7.77 ± 4.51, 1.50 ± 1.48, respectively, whereas for clean reference sites they were found to be 22.80 ± 1.08, 3.47 ± 1.59, 0.40 ± 0.51, respectively. The values are statistically different from each other (p< 0.0001,p< 0.0001, andp< 0.0013, respectively). These results indicate that Lake Mogan may be polluted with substances that have genotoxic effects and constitute an early warning for the lake system. Further detailed research is needed to establish the source of the pollution and the chemicals responsible.

scholarly journals Enzyme–Inhibitor Interactions and a Simple, Rapid Method for Determining Inhibition Modality

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane M. Buker ◽  
P. Ann Boriack-Sjodin ◽  
Robert A. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Chemical Biology ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Specific Inhibition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Inhibitory Molecules ◽  
The Impact

Contemporary chemical biology and drug discovery are increasingly focused on the discovery of inhibitory molecules that interact with enzyme targets in specific ways, such as allosteric or orthosteric binding. Hence, there is increasing interest in evaluating hit compounds from high-throughput diversity screening to determine their mode of interaction with the target. In this work, the common inhibition modalities are reviewed and clarified. The impact of substrate concentration, relative to substrate KM, for each common inhibition modality is also reviewed. The pattern of changes in IC50 that accompany increasing substrate concentration are shown to be diagnostic of specific inhibition modalities. Thus, replots of IC50 as a function of the ratio [S]/KM are recommended as a simple and rapid means of assessing inhibition modality. Finally, specific recommendations are offered for ideal experimental conditions for the determination of inhibition modality through the use of IC50 replots.

Assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax spending towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of advanced development territory

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Mikhailovna Popova ◽  
Guzel Mukhtarovna Guseinova ◽  
Sergei Borisovich Milov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Development

The deficit of subnational budgets and deceleration capital investments in multiple Russian regions increase the relevance of research aimed at improvement of tax incentivizing practice of the regional investment process. The studies focused on determination of the impact of socioeconomic and institutional factors upon the efficiency of investment tax expenses obtained wide circulation within the foreign scientific literature. The subject of this article is the assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax expanses towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of territories of advanced socioeconomic development, created in the subjects of Far Easter Federal District. The scientific novelty and practical values of this research consists in substantiation of the reasonableness of assessment of investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity that are stimulated by tax incentives. Methodology for assessing investment attractiveness is proposed and tested. The conclusion is made that in case of low investment attractiveness of the type of economic activity, which was planned to support by tax incentives, it is required to conduct and additional analysis to avoid unjustified tax expanses.

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