Creative Potential is Differentially Expressed in School, at Home, and the Natural Environment

Creative potential is one of the very most important topics for research. It is difficult to study because, unlike creative products, potential is by definition latent. There are several methods. One involves comparing creative activity expressed in various settings. Previous research has, for example, compared creativity expressed in school with that expressed by the same individuals when they are outside of school. There tends to be more creative activity outside of school, suggesting that the individual has creative potential, but it is only allowed to be expressed in certain settings. The present investigation extended this line of research by comparing creative activity in school, at home, and that occurring outside of school and home. Results indicated that the activity scores from the three settings shared less than 52% of their variance. The measures used were highly reliable, so the conclusion was that, as in previous research, various settings do indeed differentially allow the expression of creative potential. Comparisons of means also supported this finding. Interestingly, creative activity at home was significantly more common than creative activity at school and when outside of the home and school. A statistical test of method variance indicated that it was not a notable contribution nor confound. Limitations are discussed at the end of the manuscript.

Relationship between organizational identification and employee voice: A meta-analysis

The extant literature contains conflicting findings about the relationship between organizational identification and employee voice. To estimate a more realistic correlation between these two variables, we conducted a meta-analysis of 40 empirical studies associated with organizational identification and employee voice. We also analyzed cultural context, education level, common method variance, and the measurement scale used in each study as moderators of the relationship between organizational identification and employee voice. The results show that organizational identification had a positive association with employee voice, and that the moderating role of cultural context was not significant, whereas education level, measurement scales, and common method variance were significant moderators. On the basis of our meta-analysis results, we propose that human resource managers pay attention to the effect of organizational identification in eliciting employee voice, and implement policies that allow employees to express more ideas that promote organizational development in practice.

Reviu Sistematik Penelitian Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) di Indonesia

Penelitian mengenai Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) telah berkembang pesat di Barat dan merumuskan beberapa reviu literatur maupun meta-analisis yang pada akhirnya membentuk konstruk ini menjadi lebih ajek dan menentukan arah penelitian selanjutnya. Berbeda dengan penelitian OCB di Indonesia, meskipun juga populer, tetapi kajian literatur mengenainya masih belum ditemui. Kajian literatur kali ini dilakukan pada artikel yang meneliti OCB di Indonesia pada rentang sepuluh tahun terakhir (2009-2019). Didapatkan beberapa artikel dan hasil dari reviu yang menunjukkan jika penelitian OCB di Indonesia : (1) Konstruk yang digunakan terfokus pada beberapa konstruk arus utama dan pada responden kerah putih serta (2) metode penelitian sebagian besar masih menggunakan paper and pencil questionnaire dan (3) sumber data didapat dari satu sumber primer untuk dua atau lebih variabel sehingga rentan dengan common method variance. Reviu diakhiri dengan usulan untuk penelitian mengenai OCB di Indonesia ke depannya.

Dealing with Common Method Variance in International Marketing Research

Common method variance (CMV) is an important concern in international marketing research because presumed substantive relationships may actually be due to shared method variance. Because method effects may vary systematically across cultures and countries, accounting for method effects in international marketing research is particularly critical. A systematic review of Journal of International Marketing articles published during a five-year period (2015–2019, N = 93) shows that (1) authors often report post hoc CMV tests but usually conclude that CMV is not an issue and (2) many post hoc tests are conducted using the Harman one-factor test and the marker variable technique, which have serious deficiencies for detecting and controlling CMV. Drawing on a classification and comparative evaluation of the most common statistical approaches for dealing with CMV, the authors recommend two approaches and propose a procedure for dealing with CMV in international marketing research. The procedure, which is based on multisample structural equation modeling, is illustrated with data from a cross-national pan-European survey (N = 11,970, 14 countries), which shows that even though method variance is present in the data, method effects do not seriously bias the substantive conclusions in this particular study.

More Error than Attitude in Implicit Association Tests (IATs), a CFA-MTMM analysis of measurement error.

Many design characteristics of the popular Implicit Association Test (IAT) appear to make the task highly susceptible to measurement error. This study examined potential sources of measurement error for two types of IAT, the classic verbal IAT (VIAT) and a fully pictorial IAT (PIAT). A CFA-MTMM analytical approach was used to estimate the influence of both random error and method variance on the IAT scores. Four empirical IATs were employed to assess implicit bias towards Middle Eastern and European people (‘Racial’ VIAT and PIAT) and countries (‘Country’ VIAT and PIAT). They were completed by 198 student participants from an Australian University. The CFA-MTMM analysis provided clear evidence of measurement error confounding IAT scores. Specifically, IAT data was shown to be, on average, comprised of just over 50% random error variance, nearly 30% method variance and under 20% trait variance. These results demonstrate unequivocally that IAT scores are predominantly composed of measurement error not implicit attitudes. These findings have significant implications for the use of IATs in applied research. Options for minimising the impact of high error variance in future implicit attitudinal research are considered.

EXPRESS: Dealing with Common Method Variance in International Marketing Research

Common method variance (CMV) is an important concern in international marketing research because presumed substantive relationships may actually be due to shared method variance. Since method effects may vary systematically across cultures and countries, accounting for method effects in international marketing research is particularly critical. A systematic review of articles published in the Journal of International Marketing over a five-year period (2015-2019, N = 93) shows that (a) authors often report post hoc CMV tests but usually conclude that CMV is not an issue and that (b) many post hoc tests are conducted using the Harman one-factor test and the marker variable technique, which have serious deficiencies for detecting and controlling CMV. Based on a classification and comparative evaluation of the most common statistical approaches for dealing with CMV, two approaches are recommended and a procedure for dealing with CMV in international marketing research is proposed. The procedure, which is based on multi-sample structural equation modeling, is illustrated with data from a cross-national pan-European survey (N =11,970, 14 countries), which shows that even though method variance is present in the data, method effects do not seriously bias the substantive conclusions in this particular study.