scholarly journals Steroid Hormone Exposure as a Potential Hazard in Milk Consumers: A Significant Health Challenge in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi ◽  
Fatemeh Rezaei ◽  
Ali Heshmati ◽  
Akram Ranjbar ◽  
Amir Larki-Harchegani
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Carcinogenic Agents ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Hormone Exposure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Significant Health

The presence of steroid hormones in milk is inevitable, and they can be considered as potential carcinogenic agents for consumers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and hydroxyprogesterone in sixty-nine bovine milk samples, collected from April to September 2020, in Hamadan, Iran. The milk samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, the mean contents of 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and hydroxyprogesterone in the milk samples were determined to be 330.5 ± 190.2 pg/ml, 3.57 ± 2.47 ng/ml, and 1.54 ± 0.41 ng/ml, respectively. However, the content of these steroid hormones in milk samples could be considered safe in children and adults, if the milk consumption is assumed to be in the reported range (175–240 ml/daily). Due to the effects of steroid hormones, especially 17β-estradiol, in the etiology of various cancers, regular monitoring of these hormones is recommended in milk and its dairy products in Iran.

Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Maya Bassil ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Farah Daou ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

scholarly journals Proteolytic and lipolytic potential of Pseudomonas spp. from goat and bovine raw milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1577-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
José C. Ribeiro Júnior ◽  
Pedro I. Teider Junior ◽  
André L.M. Oliveira ◽  
Edson A. Rios ◽  
Ronaldo Tamanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT: Pseudomonas, the main genus of gram-negative microorganisms isolated from milk, is psychrotrophic, biofilm-forming, and thermo-resistant deteriorating enzyme producers. The aim of this study was to quantify Pseudomonas spp. in goat’s and cow’s milk produced in the Paraná state, Brazil, to evaluate the deteriorating activity of the isolates at mesophilic and psychrotrophic conditions and to identify, at the species level, the isolates with alkaline metalloprotease (aprX gene) production potential. Microbiological, biochemical and molecular methods were used for isolating, confirming and identifying of isolates. The mean counts were 1.6 (±6.3)x104 and 0.89(±3)x102 CFU/mL for goat and bovine milk samples, respectively, immediately after milking. Of the Pseudomonas colonies isolated from goat milk (n=60), 91.7% showed proteolytic potential when incubated at 35°C/48 h and 80% at 7°C/10 days, and lipolytic potential was observed in 95% of the isolates incubated in mesophilic and 78.3% at refrigeration conditions. From the isolates of bovine milk (n=20), 35% showed proteolytic activity only when incubated at 35°C/48 h, and lipolytic potential was observed in 25% of the isolates incubated at 7°C/10d and 35°C/48h. It was observed that 83.3% and 25% of the isolates genetically confirmed as Pseudomonas spp. of goat and bovine milk showed the potential for alkaline metalloprotease production, with the species P. azotoformans, P. koreensis, P. gessardii, P. monteilii and P. lurida being the most frequent in goat milk and P. aeruginosa the only species identified in cow milk.

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in buffaloes in Hyderabad and Tando Allahyar districts of Sindh, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanwar Kumar Malhi ◽  
Asghar Ali Kamboh ◽  
Chandar Kumar ◽  
Prakash Dewani ◽  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Culture Test ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Apparently Healthy

An investigation in buffaloes was carried out in Hyderabad and Tando Allahyar districts, Sindh province, Pakistan to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. The buffaloes (n=120) were first screened through single intradermal tuberculin test (SITT), then their sera were used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Attempts were further made to isolate the Mycobacterium bovis organism from the milk samples using traditional culture test. Overall prevalence of 4.16%, 8.33% and 2.5% was recorded by SITT, ELISA and culture test respectively. A somewhat higher prevalence was recorded in Tando Allahyar district (SITT 6.66%; ELISA 10%; culture test 5%) as compared to Hyderabad district (SITT 1.66%; ELISA 6.66%; culture test 0%). Statistical analysis did not show any association (P> 0.05) of herd size, sex, age, milk yield and farming type with the prevalence of the disease. Whereas, SITT showed a significant (P Less than 0.05) association of sex, age and milk yield with the prevalence of the disease in Tando Allayer district. The results of present study revealed that bovine tuberculosis is present in apparently healthy buffalo herds of Hyderabad and Tando Allayer districts. Moreover, infected animals shed the M. bovis pathogen in milk that could be a potential hazard to public health.

Capture immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis using a monoclonal antibody to polymorphonuclear granulocytes

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. O'Sullivan ◽  
Patrick J. Joyce ◽  
Teresa Sloan ◽  
Alan G. Shattock
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Direct Elisa

SummaryA direct capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure elevated polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) antigens using horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) conjugated rabbit polyclonal anti-PMN antisera and a monoclonal antibody specific for PMN cells. Optical densities obtained in the ELISA were used to predict the cell counts of milk samples. Predicted counts were not significantly different from actual somatic cell counts (SCC). In a total of 156 bovine milk samples the correlation coefficient between somatic cell counting, taking > 500000 cells/ml as being indicative of mastitis, and the assay was 0·94, yielding an assay sensitivity of 95·2% and a specificity of 97·3%. In further trials the ELISA could detect elevated PMN antigens in milk with SCC as low as 100000 cells/ml. The results indicate that the monoclonal antibody based direct ELISA has excellent potential in the detection and determination of bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Serum Liver Proteins and 17

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Tahmasebi Fard ◽  
Fatemeh Rouhollah ◽  
Nahid Nafisi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
The Mean

Background: Breast cancer is a hormone-dependent malignancy that is associated with estrogen and progesterone interactions. The liver is the most important organ to be affected by the metastasis of breast cancer, which causes functional impairment. Aim: We compared levels of obesity, 17β-estradiol, and secreted proteins in postmenopausal women with breast cancer but without hepatic symptoms to those in healthy postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: We recruited 105 postmenopausal women with breast cancer but without any clinical hepatic symptoms based on a physician’s diagnosis, and 105 healthy postmenopausal women. After taking blood samples, we separated the serum and determined the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and 17β-estradiol using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean ages of the subjects in the cancer and control groups were 60.88 ± 0.85 and 55.56 ± 0.81 years, respectively. The exception ages (p=0.002), body mass index (BMI) values (p=0.033), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels/AST levels (p=3.1*10−4), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels/ALT levels(p=0.001), SHBG levels(p=0.014), and 17β-estradiol levels(p=0.003) in the serum differed significantly between the groups. Moreover, the mean serum 17β-estradiol (E2) levels and weights were higher in the cancer group than in the control group. Nevertheless, the mean serum levels of synthetic liver enzymes (SHBG, ALT, and AST) were lower in the cancer group than in the control group. Conclusion: In general, the postmenopausal cancer patients had higher serum estrogen levels and BMIs than their healthy counterparts. Furthermore, the levels of liver enzymes apparently decreased in the cancer group, probably owing to liver malfunction.

scholarly journals Ellagitannins – Compounds From Pomegranate as Possible Effector in Steroidogenesis of Rabbit Ovaries

2015 ◽  
pp. 583-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. PACKOVA ◽  
A. A. CARBONELL-BARRACHINA ◽  
A. KOLESAROVA
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Sexually Mature

This study has observed possible effect of ellagitannins – compounds from pomegranate on process of steroidogenesis in ovaries. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effect of punicalagin on secretion of steroid hormones – progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and 17β-estradiol by ovarian fragments of rabbits in vitro. Ovarian fragments from sexually mature female New Zealand white rabbits (n=20) were incubated without (control group) or with punicalagin at various doses 1, 10 and 100 μg.ml−1 for 24 h. Hormones were evaluated by ELISA (The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Data showed that progesterone and 17β-estradiol (but not androstenedione and testosterone) release by rabbit ovarian fragments was significantly affected by punicalagin addition at various doses. Punicalagin (at 100 μg.ml−1) significantly (P<0.05) increased progesterone secretion. On the other hand, the release of 17β-estradiol was significantly (P<0.005) decreased by punicalagin addition (at 10 μg.ml−1). Our results suggest that punicalagin could have dose-dependent impact on secretion of steroid hormones progesterone and 17β-estradiol by rabbit ovarian fragments and it may be effector in process of ovarian steroidogenesis.

scholarly journals Detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk from various livestock species raised under pastoral production systems in Isiolo and Marsabit Counties, northern Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 3537-3544
Author(s):  
Martin Wainaina ◽  
Gabriel O. Aboge ◽  
Isaac Omwenga ◽  
Catherine Ngaywa ◽  
Nicholas Ngwili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Pooled Samples

Abstract Introduction Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in Kenya, and identifying the bacteria in milk is important in assessing the risk of exposure in people. Methods A cross-sectional study that involved 175 households was implemented in the pastoral counties of Marsabit and Isiolo in Kenya. Pooled milk samples (n = 164) were collected at the household level, and another 372 were collected from domesticated lactating animals (312 goats, 7 sheep, 50 cattle and 3 camels). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing of the milk samples was performed to identify Brucella species. Brucella anti-LPS IgG antibodies were also detected in bovine milk samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Based on the qPCR, the prevalence of the pathogen at the animal level (considering samples from individual animals) was 2.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.5) and 3.0% (CI: 1.0–7.0) in pooled samples. All 14 samples found positive by qPCR were from goats, with 10 contaminated with B. abortus and 4 with B. melitensis. The Brucella spp. antibody prevalence in bovine milk using the milk ELISA was 26.0% (95% CI: 14.6–40.3) in individual animal samples and 46.3% (95% CI: 30.7–62.6) in pooled samples. Conclusion The study is the first in Kenya to test for Brucella spp. directly from milk using qPCR without culturing for the bacteria. It also detected B. abortus in goats, suggesting transmission of brucellosis between cattle and goats. The high prevalence of Brucella spp. is a significant public health risk, and there is a need for intervention strategies necessary in the study area.

Assessment of isoflavonoid concentrations in Australian bovine milk samples

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER A. KING ◽  
MARK M. MANO ◽  
RICHARD J. HEAD
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Infants And Young Children

There is considerable interest in the possibility that diet-derived isoflavonoids may help in protection against a number of chronic diseases common in Western society. Based on animal studies, however, concerns have been raised that consumption of isoflavonoids by infants and young children may be undesirable. Clover contains isoflavonoids and therefore may represent, via milk, a source of isoflavonoids in the human diet. In this study the concentrations of daidzein (7, 4′-dihydroxyisoflavone), genistein (5, 7, 4′-trihydroxyisoflavone) and equol (7-hydroxy-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)chroman) were measured using HPLC in cows' milk samples obtained from 76 farms in three Australian states. In addition, concentrations were measured in samples collected from one South Australian factory both before and after pasteurization. Concentrations in all samples were found to be extremely low. The mean daidzein concentration was <5 ng/ml. Mean genistein concentrations ranged from just detectable (∼2 ng/ml) in Victorian samples collected during summer to 20-30 ng/ml in samples from all states collected during spring when isoflavonoid-containing clover is most dominant in pasture. Mean equol concentrations ranged from 45±10 ng/ml in Victorian farm samples collected during summer to 293±52 ng/ml in Western Australian samples collected in spring. The mean concentrations of genistein and equol in post-pasteurization samples collected in spring were approximately double those for samples collected in autumn. Pasteurization had no effect on isoflavonoid concentrations. We conclude that the concentrations of isoflavonoids in Australian cows' milk are low and are therefore unlikely to have any pronounced biological effects in human consumers.

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