Effect of Optimal Subsidy Rate and Strategic Behaviour of Supply Chain Members under Competition on Green Product Retailing

This paper investigates the impact of the subsidy and horizontal strategic cooperation on a green supply chain where two competing manufacturers distribute substitutable green products through exclusive retailers. Models are formulated in three-stage game structures in five different scenarios, where the government organization determines optimal subsidy by pursuing social welfare maximization. Both manufacturers invest in improving green quality levels of products. The study aims to explore the advantage of vertical integration and strategic collusion from the perspective of green supply chain practice in the presence of subsidy. The key contributions from the present study indicate that under competition, members of both supply chains are able to receive higher profits through horizontal collusion, but green quality levels of the product remain suboptimal. If upstream manufacturers cooperate, government subsidy does not necessarily improve product quality level, and the amount of government expenditure increased substantially. By comparing outcomes where members are vertically integrated with scenarios where members make strategic collusion, we found that the former might outperform by later. Cross-price sensitivity appears as a significant parameter affecting supply chain members’ performance and the amount of government expenditure. Cooperation between members at the horizontal level is a more robust strategic measure than vertical integration if consumers are highly price-sensitive.

Download Full-text

How Different Government Subsidy Objects Impact on Green Supply Chain Decision considering Consumer Group Complexity

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/5387867 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Qingfeng Meng ◽

Mengwan Li ◽

Zhen Li ◽

Jing Zhu

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Wholesale Price ◽

Green Supply Chain ◽

Green Product ◽

Green Products ◽

Consumer Group ◽

Environmental Preferences ◽

Government Subsidies ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

This paper fully considers the complexity characteristics of the consumer group, such as the heterogeneity of consumer environmental preferences and consumption levels and constructs a two-stage price decision model of green supply chain composed of the manufacturer and retailers. Under the four different scenarios, no government subsidies, government subsidies are given to the manufacturer, government subsidies are given to the green product retailer, and government subsidies are given to green product consumers, the impact of government subsidies on green supply chain member price decisions is analyzed, and the validity of the model is verified by an example. The results show that compared with the no government subsidies, government subsidies to the manufacturer will reduce the wholesale and sales prices of green products, and subsidies to the green product retailer will lead to higher wholesale prices and lower sales prices of green products, and subsidies to green product consumers will increase the wholesale and sales prices of green products. No matter which object is subsidized by the government, the wholesale price of general products will not change and the sales price will decrease. Government subsidies will facilitate the sales of green products, thereby expanding the market share of green products.

Download Full-text

Optimal Decisions of a Green Supply Chain under the Joint Action of Fairness Preference and Subsidy to the Manufacturer

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society ◽

10.1155/2020/9610503 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zi-yuan Zhang ◽

Duan-xiang Fu ◽

Qing Zhou

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Stackelberg Game ◽

Wholesale Price ◽

Green Supply Chain ◽

Government Subsidy ◽

Market Expansion ◽

Optimal Decisions ◽

Preference Behavior ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Government subsidy promotes the development of green supply chain, and the influence of decision-makers’ behavioral preferences becomes increasingly prominent in green supply chain management. In order to further enrich the research content of green supply chain, we first use Stackelberg game theory to construct game models by taking the product green degree, wholesale price and retail price as the decision variables, then we work out the equilibrium strategies of the manufacturer and the retailer under four decision scenarios, and reveal the impact differences between the two parties’ fairness preference behaviors. Our research mainly has the following findings: Firstly, the government subsidy to the manufacturer can benefit these two parties and can have certain impact on the optimal decisions only by working with the green product market expansion efficiency. Secondly, these two parties’ fairness preference behaviors can cause serious damage to the other party’s profit and the overall profit of green supply chain, and increase the rate of their own profit in the overall profit of green supply chain, but the difference is that the retailer’s fairness preference behavior can cause a greater decline in product green degree and wholesale price, and when certain conditions are met, its own profit may rise compared to its fairness neutral, while the manufacturer’s fairness preference behavior can cause a greater damage to the overall profit of green supply chainand make its own profit always be lower than its fairness neutral. Thirdly, the government subsidy to the manufacturer and the fairness preference behaviors of both parties can cause a stack effect on the optimal solutions, which means that the subsidy government provides for the manufacturer can aggravate the negative influence caused by these two parties’ fairness preference behaviors.

Download Full-text

Investigating the Impact of Carbon Subsidy Policy on the Decision-Making of Remanufacturing Supply Chain

10.3233/faia210305 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yu Zhang ◽

Tianshan Ma ◽

Syed Abdul Rehman Khan

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Quality Level ◽

Waste Products ◽

Carbon Emission Reduction ◽

The Government ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

This research is to investigate the decision making of the members of remanufacturing supply chain under the government involvement. Different scenarios are analyzed in this research, and it is found that the subsidy for carbon emission reduction can increase the WPs (waste products) reusing. When the recycler participates in remanufacturing supply chain, the cost of remanufacturer will be shared and through centralizing the decision making, the carbon emission reduction will be enhanced and the whole supply chain’s profit will decrease. So it is suggested that the government need to adjust the subsidy for carbon emission reduction in terms of the quality level of WPs and the cooperation between recycler and remanufacturer is suggested, especially in the high-value waste remanufacturing supply chain.

Download Full-text

Impact of Green Supply Chain Managerial Practices on Environmental Sustainability: Readymade Garment Factories of Bangladesh

International Journal of Business and Management ◽

10.5539/ijbm.v15n6p31 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Farhana Ferdousi Aziz ◽

Tahmina Sultana ◽

Farhana Yasmin

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Green Supply Chain ◽

Managerial Practices ◽

Garment Factories ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to find out the impact of Green Supply Chain managerial practices on environmental sustainability in the garment factories of Bangladesh. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods has been used to gather data through a survey. The survey respondents were mid-level SCM managers of 60 garment factories located in Gazipur. Descriptive data analysis, regression model and ANOVA have been used to show the impact of the independent variables on ‘Environmental Sustainability’. This paper has revealed that 4 variables have a statistically significant relation with the dependent variable and that lack of knowledge and government initiatives are the main reasons for low environmental sustainability. The research identifies the government initiatives that need to be taken and it also claims that there should be awareness about the significance of environmental sustainability among managers and the workforce to achieve environmental sustainability. This is important for Bangladesh, because environmental sustainability has a positive impact on the economy of the country. Previous literature has shown the benefits of GSCM and its impact on environmental sustainability in other countries. Whereas, this paper shows the current GSCM practices of the readymade garment factories of Bangladesh and shows the impact of the practices on Environmental Sustainability. The paper shows the practices that have positive and negative impact on the sustainability of the environment and it also comes up with the reasons why certain practices have a negative impact. Thus, this will help the government of Bangladesh to know about the practices that need to be continued and those that need to be improved.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Top Management’s Support on the Collaboration of Green Supply Chain Participants and Environmental Performance

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12219090 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 9090

Author(s):

Jungeun Lee ◽

Hye-Young Joo

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Empirical Analysis ◽

Environmental Performance ◽

Green Supply Chain ◽

Top Management ◽

Direct Impact ◽

Theoretical Mechanism ◽

The Impact ◽

The Empirical Analysis

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the support of top management significantly improves the level of environmental collaboration with participating companies upstream and downstream of the green supply chain and the impact on environmental performance. The results of the empirical analysis of 301 companies that are establishing a green supply chain are as follows. First, top management’s support positively affects the level of collaboration with suppliers and customers in the green supply chain. Secondly, support from top management has a direct impact on the company’s environmental performance. Thirdly, the environmental collaboration of participating companies partially plays a mediation role between the support of top management and the environmental performance. This study has significance in that it analyzes the theoretical mechanism of top management’s support for environmental collaboration with participating companies, leading to environmental performance, and draws implications.

Download Full-text

Research on Closed-Loop Supply Chain Decision-Making in Different Cooperation Modes with Government’s Reward-Penalty Mechanism

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116425 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6425

Author(s):

Quanxi Li ◽

Haowei Zhang ◽

Kailing Liu

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Stackelberg Game ◽

Recycling Rate ◽

Transfer Payment ◽

Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽

Asymmetry Of Information ◽

Optimal Decisions ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

In closed-loop supply chains (CLSC), manufacturers, retailers, and recyclers perform their duties. Due to the asymmetry of information among enterprises, it is difficult for them to maximize efficiency and profits. To maximize the efficiency and profit of the CLSC, this study establishes five cooperation models of CLSC under the government‘s reward–penalty mechanism. We make decisions on wholesale prices, retail prices, transfer payment prices, and recovery rates relying on the Stackelberg game method and compare the optimal decisions. This paper analyzes the impact of the government reward-penalty mechanism on optimal decisions and how members in CLSC choose partners. We find that the government’s reward-penalty mechanism can effectively increase the recycling rate of used products and the total profit of the closed-loop supply chain. According to the calculation results of the models, under the government’s reward-penalty mechanism, the cooperation can improve the CLSC’s used products recycling capacity and profitability. In a supply chain, the more members participate in the cooperation, the higher profit the CLSC obtain. However, the cooperation mode of all members may lead to monopoly, which is not approved by government and customers.

Download Full-text

Government Expenditure and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Nigeria

Business and Management Research ◽

10.5430/bmr.v5n4p56 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Oyediran, Leye Sherifdeen ◽

Sanni, Ibrahim ◽

Adedoyin, Lukman ◽

Oyewole Olabode Michael

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Capital Expenditure ◽

Government Expenditure ◽

Least Square ◽

National Bureau ◽

Fiscal Discipline ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Economic Development And Growth ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

The need to better the lots of citizens through government expenditure has raised questions on the impact of government expenditure on the economic development and growth of nations. It is against this background that this paper examined the antecedent effect of government spending on the Nigerian economic growth. The general objective of the study is to ascertain the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria; specifically, the study examined: (i) the significance influence of government capital expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria and (ii) the significance influence of government recurrent expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. The study employed ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regression analysis in estimating the specified model, with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the dependent variable, while Capital Expenditure (CAPEXP) and Recurrent Expenditure (REXP) are the independent variables. Data between 1980 – 2013 were collected from secondary sources through the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Results showed that in Nigeria, there exist a significant relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth. The study therefore recommends instilling fiscal discipline in government expenditures, and putting in place structural mechanisms to act as surveillance on capital spending so as to boost the nation’s human and social capital.

Download Full-text

Examining the impact of COVID-19 and its related lockdown on food security and job losses: A case of Kumasi, Ghana

10.21203/rs.3.rs-992274/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Frank Adusei

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Online Marketing ◽

Time Range ◽

Food And Nutrition Security ◽

Nutrition Security ◽

Food And Nutrition ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Abstract The COVID-19 and partial lockdown has brought significant effects on the entire economy, especially on food security and job losses. This study was carried out in Asokwa Municipal with the objective of examining the impact of COVID-19 disease and its related lockdown on food and nutrition security and job losses. The study site form part of the cities in Ghana to experience the partial lockdown, hence it qualifies for the selection. Both primary and secondary data were used. By means of purposive sampling technique, fifty respondents were selected as sample size. The study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive and narrative posture to the presentation, discussion and analysis of data. Open-ended questionnaire and a checklist were used for data collection through semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that, food and nutrition insecurity, job loss and income reductions are still very common, affecting participants livelihood. Disproportionally affected are households whose income comes from farming, transporters, informal labour, as well as marketers.It was concluded that food insecurity is not outside the impact of COVID-19 and its associated partial lockdown. Food and nutrition security are the global concern at present circumstances. The supply chain has been hit hardest by COVID-19, which causes food insecurity of most vulnerable segment of population which put them at risk. And also, most of the migrant, informal, seasonal farm workers were losing their jobs which may affect their demand for food. Therefore, the government should step-up the measures to control the pandemic without disturbing the food supply chain. The development and use of online marketing strategies where people can make orders of various produce and booked for purchases and or deliveries during a stated time range should be promoted.

Download Full-text

The role of green supply chain management practices on environmental performance in the hydrocarbon industry of Bahrain: Testing the moderation of green innovation

Uncertain Supply Chain Management ◽

10.5267/j.uscm.2021.3.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 265-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saad Darwish ◽

Syed Mir Muhammad Shah ◽

Umair Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Environmental Management ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Environmental Performance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Green Supply Chain ◽

Green Innovation ◽

Environmental Cooperation ◽

The Impact ◽

Moderating Role

Recently, environmental degradation has become a global issue, and a green supply chain has been considered as the appropriate solution for it. Also, this issue gets the intentions of recent researchers. Thus, the current article aims to examine the impact of green supply chain practices such as green purchase, internal environmental management, and customer environmental cooperation on environment performance in Bahrain. The goal also includes examining the moderating role of green innovation among the nexus of green purchase, internal environmental management, customer environmental cooperation, and environmental performance in Bahrain. The primary data collection method has been executed by the study and collected data by using questionnaires. The employees of the supply chain department of the hydrocarbon industry in Bahrain are the respondents. The statistical results show that green purchase, internal environmental management and customer environmental cooperation have positive relationships with environmental performance. The outcomes also exposed that green innovation has played an influential moderating role among the nexus of green purchase, internal environmental management, customer environmental cooperation, and environmental performance in Bahrain. These findings provide guidelines to the regulators that they should develop effective policies related to the implementation of supply chain practices that improve environmental performance.

Download Full-text

Effect of Corporate Tax on Government Expenditure in Nigeria

Research Horizon ◽

10.54518/rh.1.5.2021.157-171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 157-171

Author(s):

Patrick Ologbenla

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Consumer Price Index ◽

Government Expenditure ◽

Value Added ◽

Corporate Income Tax ◽

Value Added Tax ◽

Independent Variable ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact ◽

Bound Test

The study investigated the impact of corporate income tax on the government expenditure in Nigeria. Data on corporate income tax, value added tax, interest rate, gross domestic product, petroleum profit tax and consumer price index were collected and used as independent variable in the study while data on public expenditure were collected and used as independent variable in the estimated model. The ARDL bound test was applied and the result showed that corporate income tax have long run relationship that is significant with government expenditure. Other forms of tax such as value added tax and petroleum profit tax also have significant impact on government expenditure. The study concluded that corporate income tax should be sustained in order to ensure that government continue to fulfill her obligation of provision of social amenities that will promote the economic growth of the country.

Download Full-text