Assessment of the Bacterial Pollution and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Benin: Case of the Hydrographic Channel Complex Cotonou-Nokoué Lake

The study aims to document the level of contamination of the aquatic ecosystem of the Cotonou-Lake Nokoué canal hydrographic complex by multidrug-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes. For this purpose, water samples were taken from several points of the complex and from the sediments at the depth of the lake. Samples of several species of freshly caught fish products from the lake were also collected. Bacteriological analyses were carried out according to the AFNOR standard (NF U: 47–100). The identification of the different bacterial species isolated was then carried out using the API 20E gallery and specific biochemical tests. The antibiogram of the strains was performed according to the recommendations of the EUCAST. Molecular characterization of the identified strains was carried out by searching for resistance and virulence genes. The results obtained revealed the presence of several bacterial species in water samples and in sediment and intestine samples of fishery products with a predominance of Gram-negative bacilli. The resistance profile of Gram-negative bacilli showed a total resistance to metronidazole (100%). 23% of the strains were also resistant to ciprofloxacin, 41% to amoxicillin, and 60% to aztreonam. Of the Gram-positive cocci identified, 66% was resistant to vancomycin, 7.5% to ciprofloxacin, 71% to erythromycin, and 22% to tetracycline. Regarding the genes sought, blaTEM (46%), blaSHV (24%), and blaCTX-M-15 (31%) were present in the genome of Gram-negative bacilli as resistance genes and fimH (41%) as virulence gene. As for Gram-positive cocci, the van B gene was completely absent. The van A was present at 6.25% in Staphylococcus aureus and mecA at 21.88 and 33.33%, respectively, in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci strains. The high resistance of isolated bacterial strains is a matter of concern and calls for a rational use of antibiotics in order to avoid the transmission of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans.

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Study of Aerobic Bacterial Etiology and Their Antibiogram from Pus Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital

International Journal of Research and Review ◽

10.52403/ijrr.20210442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 358-362

Author(s):

T. Kanakadurgamba ◽

Rama Lakshmi Koripella ◽

B. Gowtham

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Culture Positive ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: The spread of multidrug resistant bacteria has added a new angel to the problem of wound infections which are a major cause of morbidity. To avoid difficulty in treatment of such infections it is mandatory for every pus sample to undergo Culture and sensitivity. Aim: To isolate and study the antibiogram of the aerobic bacteria from pus samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 426 pus samples received from various wards in the Microbiology department. Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam were processed as per standard guidelines in the laboratory. All the aerobic bacterial isolates obtained were kept for antibiogram by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method as per CLSI Guidelines. Results: Out of 426 samples 394 (92.4%) were culture positive. Among culture positive samples 90.6% were pure cultures and 9.4% were mixed isolates. Gram negative bacilli were 72.8% of the total isolates and 27.2% were Gram positive cocci. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were the predominant isolates (30.3% and 28.9%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%), Proteus species (9.7%) and Acinetobacter species (6.9%). Among Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (62.6%), Enterococci (20.5%) and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (11.2%) and Streptococci (3.7%). GNB were more sensitive to Colistin (92%), Amikacin (86%), Imipenem and Meropenem (86% and 84.4%), Piperacillin Tazobactam (84%), Gentamycin (78%), Cefaperazone Sulbactam (76.2%) and Ciprofloxacin (56%). Gram positive cocci were sensitive to Linezolid and Teicoplanin (98% each), Vancomycin (96.2%), Clindamycin (84%), Gentamycin (79%), Azithromycin (76.4%), Ciprofloxacin (66%) and Amoxiclav (54%) out of 62.6% Staphylococcus aureus isolates 31.4% were MRSA and out of 72.8% of Gram negative bacilli 38.2% were ESBLS. Conclusion: As multidrug resistant bacterial strains are emerging in various infectious and pyogenic wound infection is most important cause of morbidity, it is important for a clinician to send all pus samples for microbiological analysis and their antibiogram before putting cases on antibiotics. Keywords: Pus samples, Multidrug resistance, Gram negative bacilli, Gram positive cocci, Antimicrobial sensitivity.

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Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Gram-positive Bacterium to Gram-negative Bacterium

10.1101/2020.11.01.364331 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Prasanth Manohar ◽

Thamaraiselvan Shanthini ◽

Bulent Bozdogan ◽

Cecilia Stalsby Lundborg ◽

Ashok J Tamhankar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Pathogenic Bacterium ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

16S Rrna Analysis ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli

AbstractThe emergence of antibiotic resistance due to uncontrolled use of antibiotics in non-humans, poses a major threat for treating bacterial infections in humans. Added to this is the possibility of transfer of resistance from Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the possibility of resistance gene transfer from a non-human originated pathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium infecting humans needs evaluation. In this study, poultry litter samples collected from Tamil Nadu, India were screened for the presence of meropenem- and cefotaxime-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri. Standard microbiological techniques and 16S rRNA analysis were used to confirm S. sciuri. In the resistant isolates, resistance genes such as blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48-like, blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaCTX-M were screened. Transconjugation studies were performed using donor, S. sciuri and recipient, E. coli AB1157 (Strr). A total of 26 meropenem-resistant and 24 cefotaxime resistant S. sciuri were isolated from poultry litter samples. The presence of blaNDM-1 (n=2), blaIMP (n=8), blaCTX-M-9 (n=5) and blaCTX-M-2 (n=1) was detected. Transconjugation results confirmed that S. sciuri carrying plasmid-borne resistance gene blaNDM-1 conjugated to E. coli AB1157. The transferability of resistance genes from S. sciuri to E. coli could be another possible reason for spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans.

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Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Blood Culture of Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.297 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S136-S136

Author(s):

M Abdelmonem ◽

A Gad AlKarim ◽

S Eissa ◽

A Boraik ◽

M Shedid

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative

Abstract Introduction/Objective Bacteremia is one of the major causes of life-threatening complications in patients with cancer. Significant changes in the spectrum of microorganisms isolated from blood culture BC have been reported in cancer patients over the past years. This study aimed to determine the predominant bacterial species causing bacteremia among febrile neutropenic FN cancer patients at the National Cancer Institute in Egypt (NCI). Methods A total of 300 BC collected from 300 FN cancer patients at NCI, Cairo. All cases were in patients with a mean age of 51 years, 158 patients were male (53%) while 142 patients were females (47%). BC was collected for microbiological investigations. Identification of the isolated organisms by the cultural characters (Morphological of bacterial isolates, Gram stain reaction, motility test, and biochemical tests) for each organism using standard semi- automated techniques. Results 68 (22.6%) BC were positive while 232 (77.4%) BC were negative. Gram-negative bacteria isolated and identified in 11 blood cultures (16.17%), while gram-positive isolates identified in 57 BC (83.8%). Among the Gram- negative organisms, 4 (5.8%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 (5.8%) were E. coli, 1 (1.5%) was Klebssila pneumoni, 1 (1.5%) was Acintobacter and 1 (1.5%) was Citrobacter frenudiri. Among the Gram-positive organisms, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci CNS were most predominant in most cases 35 (61.4%). 7 (12%) were S. aureus, 5 (8%) were S. epidermises, 5 (8%) were Streptococcus spp., 1 (1.5%) were Listeria spp., 4 (5.88%) Achromobacter spp., 4 (5.88%) were Gram-Positive Cocci and 1(1.5%) Micrococcus spp. The study of R-factor in all positive BC showed the resistant bacterial isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents, especially to ampicillin and penicillin. Conclusion This study showed that patients with febrile neutropenia are vulnerable to developing bacteremia. the prevalence rate of bacteremia in post-chemotherapy FN in our center is relatively high compared to the national rate. Multidrug-resistant are the main cause of bacteremia in febrile cancer patients in Egypt. There is a need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance to guide antimicrobial therapy and support the development of infection control programs in Egypt

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Microbiology of Ventilator–Associated Pneumonia Compared With That of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/518460 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 825-831 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

David J. Weber ◽

William A. Rutala ◽

Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett ◽

Gregory P. Samsa ◽

Vickie Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Similar Frequency ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Hospital Acquired ◽

Gram Positive Cocci ◽

Ventilated Patients

Objective.Nosocomial pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality attributed to nosocomial infection. Appropriate empirical therapy has been associated with improved survival, but data are limited regarding the etiologic agents of hospital-acquired pneumonia in non-ventilated patients (HAP). This evaluation assessed whether the currently recommended empirical therapy is appropriate for both ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and HAP by evaluating the infecting flora.Design.Prospectively collected hospitalwide surveillance data was obtained by infection control professionals using standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions.Setting.A tertiary care academic hospital.Patients.All patients admitted from 2000 through 2003.Results.A total of 588 episodes of pneumonia were reported in 556 patients: 327 episodes of VAP in 309 patients, and 261 episodes of HAP in 247 Patients. The infecting flora in ventilated patients included gram-positive cocci (32.0% [oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus {OSSA}, 9.25%; oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus {ORSA}, 17.75%]), gram-negative bacilli (59.0% {Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 17.50%; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 6.75%; Acinetobacter species, 7.75%), and miscellaneous pathogens (9.0%). The infecting flora in nonventilated patients included gram-positive cocci (42.59% [OSSA, 13.33%; ORSA, 20.37%]), gram-negative bacilli (39.63% [P. aeruginosa, 9.26%; S. maltophilia, 1.11%; Acinetobacter species, 3.33%), and miscellaneous pathogens (17.78%).Conclusions.Our data demonstrated that patients with HAP, compared with those with VAP, had a similar frequency of infection with ORSA but less commonly had infections due to P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, and S. maltophilia. However, the overall frequency of infection with these pathogens was sufficiently high to warrant the use of empirical therapy likely to be active against them. Our data supports using the currently recommended empirical therapy for both HAP and VAP.

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Increasing frequency of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Liver International ◽

10.1111/liv.12152 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 975-981 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Alexandra Alexopoulou ◽

Nikolaos Papadopoulos ◽

Dimitrios G. Eliopoulos ◽

Apostolia Alexaki ◽

Athanasia Tsiriga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Bacterial Peritonitis ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

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Microbiological Profile of Uropathogens and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Pediatric Population from A Tertiary Care Hospital in Amritsar, Punjab

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1011.034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 306-312

Author(s):

Manpreet Kaur Bhatha Loveena Oberoi ◽

Sapna Soneja Anuradha Malhotra ◽

Kamaldeep Singh

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Age Group ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Negative Organisms ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most commonest bacterial infection encountered in the pediatric age group. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance to preserve renal function and reduce long term complications such as renal scarring. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of UTI in pediatric population, identify the common uropathogens and study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in Department of Microbiology, GMC Amritsar for a period of 6 months from 1 Jan 2021 till 30 June 2021 amongst the pediatric patients (1 month-12 years age group) with clinically suspected UTI including both indoor and outdoor patients. Clean catch midstream urine samples received in the laboratory were processed as per the standard microbiological guidelines. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Results: A total of 549 samples were received and processed during study period from which 164(29.87%) were culture positive. Culture positivity was more prevalent in females (61.58%) than males (38.41%). Gram negative organisms were predominant (74.4%) followed by gram positive cocci (22.56%) and Candida (3.05%). Among gram negative organisms Escherichia coli was most predominant followed by Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Citrobacter spp. Among gram positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus was most predominant followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococci and Enterococcus spp. Majority of gram negative bacilli were resistant to fluroquinolones, 3rd generation cephalosporins and co-trimoxazole while nitrofurantoin, piperacillin-tazobactam and gentamicin were most sensitive drugs. Among Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistance was seen in 17% isolates. High sensitivity was seen to linezolid and vancomycin in gram positive cocci. Conclusion: This study highlights increased prevalence of MDR uropathogens in pediatric population which indicates that antibiotic selection should be based on knowledge of local prevalence of bacterial organisms and their antibiotic sensitivities with rational use of antibiotics.

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Molecular Characterization of Zinc (Zn) Resistant Bacteria in Banger River, Pekalongan, Indonesia

Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education ◽

10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i3.15835 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 622-628

Author(s):

Fitri Arum Sasi ◽

Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum ◽

Anto Budiharjo

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Species ◽

Selective Medium ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Indigenous Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Sequences Analysis

Indigenous bacteria are able to remove the metals contamination in environment. This study aimed to assess the resistance of bacterial species to Zinc (Zn) in Banger River, Pekalongan City. The bacteria from three different parts of Banger River were isolated and inoculated in Zn-selective medium. Then, molecular identification to determine the bacteria species was conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by applying forward-reverse 16SrRNA gene primers. The sequences analysis was conducted using MUSCLE and MEGA6. There were seven dominant species that possibly resistant to Zn. Approximately, every isolate could reach more than 95 % from 2000 ppm of Zn in the medium. The higher absorption of Zn was found in Z5 isolate. The seven bacteria species were clustered into nine genera i.e. Klebsiela, Xenorhabdus, Cronobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Shigella and Sporomusa known as Gram Negative bacteria and Clostridium and Bacillus as Gram Positive bacteria. In Gram Positive bacteria, especially Bacillus sp, carboxyl group in peptidoglycan play a role as metal binder. In Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is highly anionic component on the outer membrane, able to catch the Zn. Besides that, Enterobacter activates endogen antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The research found there was possible seven novel indigenous bacteria species in Banger that able to remove Zn from the sediment extremely. This finding can be developed as an eco-friendly approach to reduce metals pollution using local microorganisms.

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Bacteriological Profile of Neonatal Sepsis and Antibiogram of the Isolates

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v37i1.16303 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 5-9

Author(s):

Roshan Parajuli ◽

Narayan Dutt Pant ◽

Raju Bhandari ◽

Anil Giri ◽

Suman Rai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Preliminary Treatment ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Bacteriological Profile ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a serious problem in developing countries like Nepal. The main objectives of this study were to determine the bacteriological profile of neonatal sepsis, to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the causative agents and to evaluate the association between the neonatal sepsis and the different characteristics of the neonates.Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 450 neonates suspected of suffering from sepsis. Blood culture was performed using statdard microbiological techniques. The colonies grown were identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram’s stain and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptiblility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of total 450 blood samples, 92 (20.4%) were culture positive. Of which, 16 (17.4%) samples contained gram negative bacteria and 76 (82.6%) samples contained gram positive cocci. The most common bacterial pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus epidermidis (67.4%) followed by Escherichia coli (13%). All gram positive cocci were susceptible to vancomycin, while all gram negative bacilli were sensitive to amikacin. There was statistically significant relationship between neonatal sepsis and gestation age of neonates.Conclusions: Neonatal sepsis is still present as a serious problem in Nepal. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common cause of the neonatal sepsis. Prematurely delivered neonates should be given more care, as they are more prone to suffering from neonatal sepsis. Vancomycin and amikacin can be used as the drugs of choice for preliminary treatment of neonatal sepsis in our settings.

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Nybomycin Inhibits both Fluoroquinolone-Sensitive and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00777-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Dmitrii I. Shiriaev ◽

Alina A. Sofronova ◽

Ekaterina A. Berdnikovich ◽

Dmitrii A. Lukianov ◽

Ekaterina S. Komarova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Dna Gyrase ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Mutant Form ◽

Wild Type ◽

Topoisomerase Iv ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACT Bacterial type II topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, are targets of many antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones (FQs). Unfortunately, a number of bacterial species easily acquire resistance to FQs by mutations in either DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV genes. The emergence of resistant pathogenic strains is a global problem in health care; therefore, identifying alternative pathways to thwart their persistence is the current frontier in drug discovery. Nybomycins are an attractive class of compounds, reported to be “reverse antibiotics” that selectively inhibit growth of some Gram-positive FQ-resistant bacteria by targeting the mutant form of DNA gyrase while being inactive against wild-type strains with FQ-sensitive gyrases. The strong “reverse” effect was demonstrated only for a few Gram-positive organisms resistant to FQs due to the S83L/I mutation in the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase. However, the activity of nybomycins has not been extensively explored among Gram-negative species. Here, we observed that in a ΔtolC strain of the Gram-negative Escherichia coli with enhanced permeability, wild-type gyrase and a GyrA S83L mutant, resistant to fluoroquinolones, are similarly sensitive to nybomycin.

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Bacteriophage selection against a plasmid-encoded sex apparatus leads to the loss of antibiotic-resistance plasmids

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2011.0384 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 902-905 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Matti Jalasvuori ◽

Ville-Petri Friman ◽

Anne Nieminen ◽

Jaana K. H. Bamford ◽

Angus Buckling

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Resistance Plasmids ◽

Resistant Mutants

Antibiotic-resistance genes are often carried by conjugative plasmids, which spread within and between bacterial species. It has long been recognized that some viruses of bacteria (bacteriophage; phage) have evolved to infect and kill plasmid-harbouring cells. This raises a question: can phages cause the loss of plasmid-associated antibiotic resistance by selecting for plasmid-free bacteria, or can bacteria or plasmids evolve resistance to phages in other ways? Here, we show that multiple antibiotic-resistance genes containing plasmids are stably maintained in both Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in the absence of phages, while plasmid-dependent phage PRD1 causes a dramatic reduction in the frequency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The loss of antibiotic resistance in cells initially harbouring RP4 plasmid was shown to result from evolution of phage resistance where bacterial cells expelled their plasmid (and hence the suitable receptor for phages). Phages also selected for a low frequency of plasmid-containing, phage-resistant bacteria, presumably as a result of modification of the plasmid-encoded receptor. However, these double-resistant mutants had a growth cost compared with phage-resistant but antibiotic-susceptible mutants and were unable to conjugate. These results suggest that bacteriophages could play a significant role in restricting the spread of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance.

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