Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Blood Culture of Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S136-S136
Author(s):  
M Abdelmonem ◽  
A Gad AlKarim ◽  
S Eissa ◽  
A Boraik ◽  
M Shedid
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Introduction/Objective Bacteremia is one of the major causes of life-threatening complications in patients with cancer. Significant changes in the spectrum of microorganisms isolated from blood culture BC have been reported in cancer patients over the past years. This study aimed to determine the predominant bacterial species causing bacteremia among febrile neutropenic FN cancer patients at the National Cancer Institute in Egypt (NCI). Methods A total of 300 BC collected from 300 FN cancer patients at NCI, Cairo. All cases were in patients with a mean age of 51 years, 158 patients were male (53%) while 142 patients were females (47%). BC was collected for microbiological investigations. Identification of the isolated organisms by the cultural characters (Morphological of bacterial isolates, Gram stain reaction, motility test, and biochemical tests) for each organism using standard semi- automated techniques. Results 68 (22.6%) BC were positive while 232 (77.4%) BC were negative. Gram-negative bacteria isolated and identified in 11 blood cultures (16.17%), while gram-positive isolates identified in 57 BC (83.8%). Among the Gram- negative organisms, 4 (5.8%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 (5.8%) were E. coli, 1 (1.5%) was Klebssila pneumoni, 1 (1.5%) was Acintobacter and 1 (1.5%) was Citrobacter frenudiri. Among the Gram-positive organisms, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci CNS were most predominant in most cases 35 (61.4%). 7 (12%) were S. aureus, 5 (8%) were S. epidermises, 5 (8%) were Streptococcus spp., 1 (1.5%) were Listeria spp., 4 (5.88%) Achromobacter spp., 4 (5.88%) were Gram-Positive Cocci and 1(1.5%) Micrococcus spp. The study of R-factor in all positive BC showed the resistant bacterial isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents, especially to ampicillin and penicillin. Conclusion This study showed that patients with febrile neutropenia are vulnerable to developing bacteremia. the prevalence rate of bacteremia in post-chemotherapy FN in our center is relatively high compared to the national rate. Multidrug-resistant are the main cause of bacteremia in febrile cancer patients in Egypt. There is a need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance to guide antimicrobial therapy and support the development of infection control programs in Egypt

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Blood Culture among HIV/AIDS Patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohabaw Jemal ◽  
Teshiwal Deress ◽  
Teshome Belachew ◽  
Yesuf Adem
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is recognized as a global public health problem. Bloodstream infection with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in HIV/AIDS patients makes the problem more challenging. So, regular and periodic diagnosis and use of the appropriate antimicrobial susceptibility pattern determination is the only option for decreasing the prevalence and development of drug-resistant bacteria. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 HIV/AIDS patients. Sociodemographic data of patients were recorded using structured questionnaires. Blood cultures were collected with BACTEC aerobic blood culture bottles. A pair of samples was collected from each patient aseptically and incubated at 37°. If samples are positive for bacterial agents, they were subcultured to solid media such as blood agar plate, chocolate agar plate, and MacConkey agar plates. Identification was performed using colony characteristics and standard biochemical techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Data entry and analysis were performed while using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were performed to calculate frequencies. Results. Altogether, 384 patients were included, and 123 blood cultures were positive, so that the yield was thus 32%. About 46 (37.4%) of Gram-negative and 77 (62.6%) of Gram-positive bacterial species were identified. Among Gram-negative bacterial isolates, K. pneumoniae was the leading pathogen, 19 (41.3%), whereas S. aureus, 38 (49.4%), was predominant among Gram-positive isolates. In his study, the majority of Gram-positive isolates showed high level of resistance to penicillin, 72 (95.5%), tetracycline, 55 (71.4%), and cotrimoxazole, 45 (58.4%). About 28 (73.6%) of S. aureus isolates were also methicillin-resistant. Gram-negative bacterial isolates also showed a high resistance to ampicillin (91.3%), tetracycline (91.3%), and gentamicin (47.8%). Overall, about 78% of multidrug resistance was observed. Conclusion. Several pathogens were resistant to greater than five antimicrobial agents, so that proper management of patients with bacteremia is needed, and a careful selection of effective antibiotics should be practiced.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Sensitivity pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Catheterized UTI Patients: A Local Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
Iqra Arooj ◽  
Alishba Sehar ◽  
Asghar Javaid
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Local Study ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections

Prevalence and multidrug resistance among bacteria in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) has been on the rise in recent times. Hence, the prevalence rate and antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria in CAUTIs in ICU patients was evaluated. A total of 120 patients admitted to the ICU of Nishtar Hospital, Multan, were recruited for this study. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates were characterized based on biochemical tests including catalase test, oxidase test, indole test, TSI test, citrate test, coagulase test and growth on 6.5% NaCl agar. The prevalence of bacterial species was Escherichia coli (32%), Staphylococcus aureus (26%), Pseudomonas spp. (18%), Proteus spp. (14%) and Enterococcus spp. (2%). A considerable degree of resistance against commonly prescribed antibiotics was observed. Gram negative bacteria showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin as well as susceptibility to imipenem, tigecycline and polymixin. Gram positive bacteria showed resistance to antibiotics such as piperacillin-tazobactam, ampicillin, gentamicin, oxacillin and ceftazidime suggesting the ineffectiveness of these antibiotics for treating bacterial infections among CAUTI patients and demonstrating the latest trends in antimicrobial drug resistance profile in local population.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Bacterial Pollution and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Benin: Case of the Hydrographic Channel Complex Cotonou-Nokoué Lake

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Oloufemi Daniel Ichola ◽  
Victorien Tamegnon Dougnon ◽  
Charles Hornel Koudokpon ◽  
Alidehou Jerrold Agbankpe ◽  
Esther Deguenon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

The study aims to document the level of contamination of the aquatic ecosystem of the Cotonou-Lake Nokoué canal hydrographic complex by multidrug-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes. For this purpose, water samples were taken from several points of the complex and from the sediments at the depth of the lake. Samples of several species of freshly caught fish products from the lake were also collected. Bacteriological analyses were carried out according to the AFNOR standard (NF U: 47–100). The identification of the different bacterial species isolated was then carried out using the API 20E gallery and specific biochemical tests. The antibiogram of the strains was performed according to the recommendations of the EUCAST. Molecular characterization of the identified strains was carried out by searching for resistance and virulence genes. The results obtained revealed the presence of several bacterial species in water samples and in sediment and intestine samples of fishery products with a predominance of Gram-negative bacilli. The resistance profile of Gram-negative bacilli showed a total resistance to metronidazole (100%). 23% of the strains were also resistant to ciprofloxacin, 41% to amoxicillin, and 60% to aztreonam. Of the Gram-positive cocci identified, 66% was resistant to vancomycin, 7.5% to ciprofloxacin, 71% to erythromycin, and 22% to tetracycline. Regarding the genes sought, blaTEM (46%), blaSHV (24%), and blaCTX-M-15 (31%) were present in the genome of Gram-negative bacilli as resistance genes and fimH (41%) as virulence gene. As for Gram-positive cocci, the van B gene was completely absent. The van A was present at 6.25% in Staphylococcus aureus and mecA at 21.88 and 33.33%, respectively, in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci strains. The high resistance of isolated bacterial strains is a matter of concern and calls for a rational use of antibiotics in order to avoid the transmission of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans.

scholarly journals In VitroActivity of AZD0914, a Novel Bacterial DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase IV Inhibitor, against Clinically Relevant Gram-Positive and Fastidious Gram-Negative Pathogens

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 6053-6063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Biedenbach ◽  
Michael D. Huband ◽  
Meredith Hackel ◽  
Boudewijn L. M. de Jonge ◽  
Daniel F. Sahm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTAZD0914, a new spiropyrimidinetrione bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor with a novel mode of inhibition, has activity against bacterial species commonly cultured from patient infection specimens, including fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. This study assessed thein vitroactivity of AZD0914 against key Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative clinical isolates collected globally in 2013. AZD0914 demonstrated potent activity, with MIC90s for AZD0914 of 0.25 mg/liter againstStaphylococcus aureus(n= 11,680), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n= 1,923), streptococci (n= 4,380), andMoraxella catarrhalis(n= 145), 0.5 mg/liter againstStaphylococcus lugdunensis(n= 120) andHaemophilus influenzae(n= 352), 1 mg/liter againstEnterococcus faecalis(n= 1,241), and 2 mg/liter againstHaemophilus parainfluenzae(n= 70). The activity againstEnterococcus faeciumwas more limited (MIC90, 8 mg/liter). The spectrum and potency of AZD0914 included fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates in each species group, including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, penicillin-resistant streptococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, β-lactamase-producingHaemophilusspp., andM. catarrhalis. Based on thesein vitrofindings, AZD0914 warrants further investigation for its utility against a variety of Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative bacterial species.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Zinc (Zn) Resistant Bacteria in Banger River, Pekalongan, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-628
Author(s):  
Fitri Arum Sasi ◽  
Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum ◽  
Anto Budiharjo
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Indigenous Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Sequences Analysis

Indigenous bacteria are able to remove the metals contamination in environment. This study aimed to assess the resistance of bacterial species to Zinc (Zn) in Banger River, Pekalongan City. The bacteria from three different parts of Banger River were isolated and inoculated in Zn-selective medium. Then, molecular identification to determine the bacteria species was conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by applying forward-reverse 16SrRNA gene primers. The sequences analysis was conducted using MUSCLE and MEGA6. There were seven dominant species that possibly resistant to Zn. Approximately, every isolate could reach more than 95 % from 2000 ppm of Zn in the medium. The higher absorption of Zn was found in Z5 isolate. The seven bacteria species were clustered into nine genera i.e. Klebsiela, Xenorhabdus, Cronobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Shigella and Sporomusa known as Gram Negative bacteria and Clostridium and Bacillus as Gram Positive bacteria. In Gram Positive bacteria, especially Bacillus sp, carboxyl group in peptidoglycan play a role as metal binder. In Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is highly anionic component on the outer membrane, able to catch the Zn. Besides that, Enterobacter activates endogen antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The research found there was possible seven novel indigenous bacteria species in Banger that able to remove Zn from the sediment extremely. This finding can be developed as an eco-friendly approach to reduce metals pollution using local microorganisms.

scholarly journals Incidence and Bacterial Etiologies of Surgical Site Infections in a Public Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-307
Author(s):  
Alem A. Kalayu ◽  
Ketema Diriba ◽  
Chuchu Girma ◽  
Eman Abdella
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Background: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are among the frequently reported healthcare-acquired infections worldwide. Successful treatment of SSIs is affected by the continuous evolvement of drug-resistant microbes. This study investigated the incidence of SSIs, identifying the major etiologic agents and their drug resistance patterns in Yekatit 12 Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 649 patients who underwent surgery at Yekatit 12 hospital from April 2016 to April 2017. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected from each patient on admission. After surgery, they were followed for SSI occurrence. SSI was initially diagnosed by a senior surgeon based on standard clinical criteria and then confirmed by culture. Isolates were tested for drug resistance according to the clinical and laboratory standards institute guideline. Results: Of the 649 study participants, 56% were females. Their age ranged from 9 months to 88 years with a median age of 37 years. The incidence of culture-confirmed SSI was 10.2% (66/649) where 73 isolates were recovered. About two-third of the isolates were Gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated (27/73, 37%) followed by Coagulase-negative staphylococci (18/73, 24.7%), Escherichia coli (11/73, 15.1%) and Klebsiella species (10/73, 13.7%). About 89% and 44% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. MRSA constituted 11% of the S. aureus isolates. All the Gram-negative isolates were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but susceptible to amikacin and meropenem. Klebsiella species showed 70-100% resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, augmentin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cefepime and gentamicin. About 82% of E. coli isolates were resistant for chloramphenicol, cefepime, ceftazidime, augmentin, cefuroxime and 64% for gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The incidence of surgical site infection in Yekatit 12 hospital is 10.2%. Most of the SSIs were due to Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative isolates showed high resistance to the most commonly prescribed drugs. No resistance was found for meropenem indicating the absence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria. SSI treatments should be guided by culture and drug resistance test. Better infection prevention practices and continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital are recommended for better patient care.

scholarly journals Pattern of bacterial isolates causing neonatal septicemia along with their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (04) ◽  
pp. 737-741
Author(s):  
Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Fazal Ur Rehman ◽  
Waqas Ali ◽  
Sanam Bano Rajper
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Neonatal Septicemia ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic

Objectives: We planned this study to observe the pattern related to bacterial isolates causing neonatal septicemia along with their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Study Design: Prospective study. Setting: Department of Neonatology, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zaid Al Nahyan Teaching Hospital, Rawlakot. Period: From 1st January 2018 to 30th June 2018. Material & Methods: Prior to empiric antibiotic usage, blood was collected from neonates having clinical sepsis and sent for blood culture. A total of 60 neonates with culture proven sepsis were enrolled for this study. Reports of blood culture were evaluated for isolates of bacteria as well as patterns of sensitivity for frequently used antibiotics in the institution. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: A total of 60 neonates having culture proven sepsis were enrolled in the current study. Amongst these, 39 (65.0) were male and 21 (35.0%) female. Early onset of sepsis was diagnosed in most, 42 (70.0%) neonates. Majority of neonates, 50 (83.3%) were delivered in the same hospital. Gram negative isolates were found in 43 (71.7%) and 15 (25.0%) gram positive while 2 (3.3%) candida spp. In terms of pattern of antibiotic sensitivity, 4 (9.3%) isolates of gram negative were found resistant to every antibiotic routinely used while gram positive isolates showed excellent sensitivity to vancomycin. Conclusion: Gram negative isolates of organisms were found to be the most sensitive to carbepenems (especially meropenem) as well as aminoglycosides while gram positive isolates showed excellent sensitive regarding vancomycin.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF CRP AND PLATELET COUNT IN EARLY NEONATAL SEPSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Walchand Shaha
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Group B ◽  
A Prospective Study

Material and Methods: A Prospective study was performed in the department of Pediatrics in territory care institute for the duration of 8 months. Forty newborns were included in the study group to satisfy including criteria. Before antibiotic treatment, neonates CRP and platelet count were assessed. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Out of the 40 cases, 22 were male babies, and the rest 18 were female. Blood culture was positive in 19 out of the 40 cases, CRP was positive in 21 cases, and thrombocytopenia was observed in 16 cases.  Klebsiella is the commonest gram organism causing sepsis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The Gram-positive organisms grown are Coagulase Positive and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Group B Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. Out of 16 thrombocytopenia neonatal, 15 shows Gram-negative and 1 shows gram-positive blood culture. Conclusion: Qualitative analysis of C-reactive protein can be used as an early marker of sepsis, especially in resource-limited settings. Although thrombocytopenia occurs predominantly in gram-negative sepsis, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of platelet count to differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative sepsis. Keywords: CRP, Platelet count,blood cultures, sepsis.

scholarly journals Nybomycin Inhibits both Fluoroquinolone-Sensitive and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitrii I. Shiriaev ◽  
Alina A. Sofronova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Berdnikovich ◽  
Dmitrii A. Lukianov ◽  
Ekaterina S. Komarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Mutant Form ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Bacterial type II topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, are targets of many antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones (FQs). Unfortunately, a number of bacterial species easily acquire resistance to FQs by mutations in either DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV genes. The emergence of resistant pathogenic strains is a global problem in health care; therefore, identifying alternative pathways to thwart their persistence is the current frontier in drug discovery. Nybomycins are an attractive class of compounds, reported to be “reverse antibiotics” that selectively inhibit growth of some Gram-positive FQ-resistant bacteria by targeting the mutant form of DNA gyrase while being inactive against wild-type strains with FQ-sensitive gyrases. The strong “reverse” effect was demonstrated only for a few Gram-positive organisms resistant to FQs due to the S83L/I mutation in the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase. However, the activity of nybomycins has not been extensively explored among Gram-negative species. Here, we observed that in a ΔtolC strain of the Gram-negative Escherichia coli with enhanced permeability, wild-type gyrase and a GyrA S83L mutant, resistant to fluoroquinolones, are similarly sensitive to nybomycin.

scholarly journals Trends in Fluoroquinolone Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Canine Urinary Tracts

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah A. Cohn ◽  
Anthony T. Gary ◽  
William H. Fales ◽  
Richard W. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Susceptibility Data

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobial agents are used extensively in human and veterinary medicine. Widespread use of any antimicrobial agent can apply selective pressure on populations of bacteria, which may result in an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates. Antimicrobial-susceptibility data on bacteria isolated from the canine urinary tract by the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Columbia, MO, were used to determine whether there has been an increase in the prevalence of FQ-resistant bacteria over time. Between January 1992 and December 2001, minimum inhibitory concentrations of either ciprofloxacin (1992–1998) or enrofloxacin (1998–2001) were determined for 1,478 bacterial isolates from the canine urinary tract. The predominant bacterial species isolated were Escherichia coli (547 isolates), Proteus mirabilis (156), and Staphylococcus intermedius (147). In all, there were 13 bacterial species with more than 25 isolates each. A significant increase in the overall proportion of resistant bacterial isolates was documented from 1992 to 2001 (Cochran-Armitage test for trend, P < 0.0001). The same increase in resistant isolates was documented when either ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin was analyzed separately ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0002, respectively). No difference was detected in rates of bacterial FQ resistance with regard to the sex of the dog from which the bacteria were isolated. The frequency with which some bacterial species were isolated differed with the sex of the infected dog. Proteus mirabilis was found more often in females ( P < 0.0001), whereas beta hemolytic Streptococcus spp., were found more often in males ( P = 0.0003). Although the overall efficacy of FQ antimicrobials remained high with greater than 80% of isolates being susceptible, the data demonstrated an increase in the proportion of resistant bacteria isolated from the urinary tract of the dog.

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