Microbiological Profile of Uropathogens and their  Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Pediatric Population  from A Tertiary Care Hospital in Amritsar, Punjab

Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most commonest bacterial infection encountered in the pediatric age group. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance to preserve renal function and reduce long term complications such as renal scarring. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of UTI in pediatric population, identify the common uropathogens and study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in Department of Microbiology, GMC Amritsar for a period of 6 months from 1 Jan 2021 till 30 June 2021 amongst the pediatric patients (1 month-12 years age group) with clinically suspected UTI including both indoor and outdoor patients. Clean catch midstream urine samples received in the laboratory were processed as per the standard microbiological guidelines. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Results: A total of 549 samples were received and processed during study period from which 164(29.87%) were culture positive. Culture positivity was more prevalent in females (61.58%) than males (38.41%). Gram negative organisms were predominant (74.4%) followed by gram positive cocci (22.56%) and Candida (3.05%). Among gram negative organisms Escherichia coli was most predominant followed by Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Citrobacter spp. Among gram positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus was most predominant followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococci and Enterococcus spp. Majority of gram negative bacilli were resistant to fluroquinolones, 3rd generation cephalosporins and co-trimoxazole while nitrofurantoin, piperacillin-tazobactam and gentamicin were most sensitive drugs. Among Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistance was seen in 17% isolates. High sensitivity was seen to linezolid and vancomycin in gram positive cocci. Conclusion: This study highlights increased prevalence of MDR uropathogens in pediatric population which indicates that antibiotic selection should be based on knowledge of local prevalence of bacterial organisms and their antibiotic sensitivities with rational use of antibiotics.

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Isolation of Aerobic Bacteria from Surgical Site Infection and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3329/bjid.v2i2.32291 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 28-32

Author(s):

Shahin Ara Begum ◽

Shabeen Afreen ◽

Aliya Rashid ◽

Nasreen Farhana

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Surgical Site Infection ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Site Infection ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

Background: Surgical site infection is one of the commonest complications after surgical intervention. Source of wound infections may be exogenous or endogenous. Wound swabs culture is the most frequently used method for confirming the diagnosis of surgical site infection. A regular bacteriological review is necessary to identify the causative agents and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to find out the aerobic bacteria from wound swabs culture and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.Methodology: A total of 175 wound swabs sample were collected aseptically from surgical site infection during the study period. Standard bacteriological methods were used for isolation and identification of organisms and their susceptibility pattern.Results: A total of 175 wound swab samples were collected from surgery departments. Out of 175 samples 102 (58.28%) were positive by culture. Among the isolated organisms the gram negative bacilli were predominant 67 (65.68%) than the gram positive cocci 35 (34.32%).The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia.coli 30(29.41%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 28 (27.45%) Pseudomonous areuginosa 20(29.85%), Acinetobacter spp 08(11.94%), Coaggulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) 07(6.86%) Klebsiella pneumoniae 05(4.90%), Proteus spp 03(4.45%), and Citobacter spp 01(1.49%). Among the total 175 samples 114(65.14%) were collected from male patients and 61(34.86%) were from female patients. All the isolated gram negative bacilli showed resistant to all antibiotics and all isolated gram positive cocci were resistant to all antibiotics except Linezolid. Among the isolated Staphylococcus aureus 8 (24.85%) were MRSA and one (3.57%) were VRSA. The most effective antibiotics were Amikacin, Meropenem, Imipenem and Tazobactam in this study.Conclusion: Surgical site infections remain the commonest post operative complications after surgery and one of the commonest encountered hospital acquired infections. Therefore, periodic review needs be done to find out the causative agents and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern for better treatment and managementBangladesh Journal of Infectious Disease 2015;2(2):28-32

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Bacteriological Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Predictors of bacteremia among Children with Bloodstream Infection

10.21203/rs.3.rs-400910/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samina Nazir Chaki ◽

Levina Msuya ◽

Deborah Mchaile ◽

Michael Johnson Mahande ◽

Ronald Mwitalemi Mbwasi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative

Abstract Background: Bloodstream infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality among children in Sub-Saharan countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacteremia, etiological agents’ antibiotic susceptibility pattern and predictors of bacteremia among children with bloodstream Infection.Methodology: This hospital-based cross-section study involved children aged two months to thirteen years. All children meeting the inclusion criteria during the study period were enrolled. All consenting parents were interviewed via a questionnaire to collect data, followed by a thorough physical assessment and venipuncture was done to collect blood samples. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23.Results: Among 242 study participants, 154(63.6%) were male and blood cultures were positive in 37(15.3%). Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria constituted 32(80%) and 8(20%), respectively. The frequent pathogen found was Staphylococcus aureus 25(62.5%), followed by Enterococcus spp. 4(10%), Escherichia coli 4(10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3(7.5%), Streptococcus pyogenes 3(7.5%) and 1(2.5%) Klebsiella pneumonia. The majority of bacterial isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Predictors of bacteremia were severe malnutrition, hydrocephalus, hyperglycemia, lethargy and BSI with no foci of infection. Conclusion: Prevalence of bacteremia was 15.3%. Gram-positive bacteria were more prevalent than gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the prevalent isolates causing BSI. Effective antibiotics for both gram-negative & gram-positive organisms are imipenem, meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam followed by amikacin; vancomycin & clindamycin for gram-positive organisms. To curb the growing antimicrobial resistance that we see in this and other studies, continuous antimicrobial stewardship is necessary, else we risk failing to treat BSI.

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Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10297 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 548-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

CP Bhatt ◽

BMS Karki ◽

B Baral ◽

S Gautam ◽

A Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Age Group ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Drug Of Choice

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureushas emerged as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. It invokes a tremendous financial burden and enhanced morbidity and mortality due to difficult to treat systemic infections.Aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Different clinical specimens were collected and processed for routine culture and antibiotic sensitivity test by standard microbiology techniques. Results: Out of 1173 samples received for microbiological examination, 100 were found to be S. aureus with 19% cases were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fourteen MRSA were found from inpatient and 5 were from outpatient. MRSA was found higher in female than male and maximum number (31.5%) was found in age group 0-10 years. Staphylococcus aureus was 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (90%), Gentamycin (83%), and tetracycline (81%). On urine isolates Nitrofurantoin(91.6%) was drug of choice. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G. In case of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (84.2%), Tetracycline (63.1%), Ciprofloxacin (42%) and Gentamycin (36.8%). Among urine isolates Nitrofutantoin showed 87.5% sensitive followed by Norfloxacin (75%). Conclusion: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found 19% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It was most common in females, hospitalized patients and young age group. Vancomycin seems to be drug of choice followed by Amikacin. It would be helpful to formulating and monitoring the antibiotic policy and ensure proper empiric treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10297 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 548-551

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Neonatal septicemia and current scenario of antibiotic sensitivity pattern – A study of blood culture isolates in a tertiary care hospital, Rajkot

IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases ◽

10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2021.046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 222-226

Author(s):

Madhulika Mistry ◽

Arpita Bhattacharya ◽

Twinkle Kumar Parmar

Keyword(s):

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Neonatal Septicemia ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Current Scenario

Neonatal sepsis is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality in developing countries. Neonatal sepsis can be classified into two subtypes depending upon onset of symptoms- before 72 hours of life (early-onset neonatal sepsis—EONS) or later (late-onset neonatal sepsis—LONS). Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in neonatal septicemia are changing time-to-time and place-to-place. This study is aimed to know the current scenario of neonatal septicemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for determining effective treatment, hence reducing burden of antibiotic resistance.This is a Retrospective study. Data was collected from Bacteriology lab, PDUMC Rajkot (May 2020 – May 2021). Blood cultures were performed on suspected neonates. Both BACTEC and conventional methods were used. Organisms were isolated by standard microbiological protocols and antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI- 2020/2021 guidelines. Total 1402 samples were screened. 326 were positive (23.25%). 214(65.64%) were male and 112(34.36%) were female. CONS (32.21%) was found to be the predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella (19.63%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.10%), E. coli (15.95%), Acinetobacter (12.27%) and Enterococcus spp. (1.84%). EONS was seen in 195(59.82%) cases and LONS was seen in 131(40.18%) cases. Gram-negative bacteria are predominant in EONS (76.28%) and gram-positive bacteria is predominant in LONS (64.12%). Gram negative isolates are mostly susceptible to Meropenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Cefepime, Ceftazidime. Gram positive isolates mostly showed sensitivity to Vancomycin, Linezolid.Multi-drug resistant organism are emerging in neonatal septicemia. Strict antibiotic stewardship should be practiced to avoid the upcoming treatment difficulties.

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Bacteriological Study of Wound Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of the Isolates

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v14i2.10428 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 143-150

Author(s):

R KC ◽

A Shrestha ◽

VK Sharma

Keyword(s):

Wound Infection ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Bacteriological Study ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Staph Aureus

Wound infections result in sepsis, limb loss, long hospital stays, higher costs, and are responsible for significant human mortality and morbidity worldwide. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the causative organisms of wound infection, to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates and to study the risk factors for wound infection. The study was conducted for six months in which pus specimens collected from 244 patients were processed to investigate etiological agents using standard technique. Disc susceptibility of bacterial agents were then determined. A total of 244 pus samples were collected and 147 (60.20%) samples showed growth. A total of 150 bacterial isolates were isolated; of which 118 (78.67%) were Gram positive and 32 (21.33%) were Gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus (72.00%) was most common followed by Escherichia coli (6.67%), Citrobacter freundii (5.34%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.00%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.33%), Proteus mirabilis (2.00%), Enterococcus faecalis (1.33%), Acinetobacter spp. (1.33%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1.33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.33%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (0.67%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (0.67%). The most effective antibiotic for Gram positive isolates was Gentamicin (77.97%). For Gram negative isolates (except Ps. aeruginosa), Amikacin (74.07%), for Ps. aeruginosa, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Ofloxacin each with the susceptibility of 80.00% and for Staph. aureus, Cloxacillin (79.63%) were the most effective antibiotics. Hence, the most common isolate in wound infection was Staph. aureus followed by E. coli. Therefore, routine microbiological analysis of the wound specimens and their antibiotic susceptibility testing is recommended that will guide clinician for treatment of wound infection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10428 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 143-150

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Etiology of bloodstream infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v7i2.13444 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 71-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Prashubha Bhandari ◽

Sarita Manandhar ◽

Basudha Shrestha ◽

Nabeen Dulal

Keyword(s):

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative

Background: Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a signifi cant cause of morbidity and mortality. In Nepal, very few studies on BSIs have restricted the understanding of their cause, prevention and treatment. This cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate BSIs causing pathogens and determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in patients visiting Kathmandu ModelHospital during December 2012 to May 2013.Materials and Methods: Standard laboratory procedure was used to screen, isolate and identify the bacteria from 1,205 patients. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern (AST) was analyzed by modifi ed Kirby Bauer technique and data were analyzed using SPSS version-16.Results: Out of 1,205 blood samples, 186 (15.4 %) were culture positive. The most common bacteria isolated were: Salmonella spp., Escherichiacoli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and CoNS. Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant causes of BSIs. Salmonella Typhi was isolated in 71 % cases of bloodstream infection followed by Salmonella Paratyphi A in 16 %, Escherichia coli in 5.3 % and Klebsiella pneumonia in 0.5 %. The gram-positive organism responsible for causing BSI was coagulase-negative staphylococcus in 7 % cases. There was no significant association between bacteremia and gender of the patients. During ASTs, Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Chloramphenicol with only 0.5 % resistivity. Salmonella Typhi (85.6 % of isolates) showed resistance to Nalidixic acid. Gram-positive bacteria showed 100 % sensitivity towards Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin and were least sensitive to Amoxicillin.Conclusion: Salmonella spp., was major cause of BSIs. Increase in antibiotic resistivity for BSI causing pathogens has necessitated continuous monitoring of the susceptibility of organisms towards antibiotics.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(2) 2015 71-75

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Changing Trend of Neonatal Septicemia and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates in Nepal

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2019/3784529 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sangita Thapa ◽

Lokendra Bahadur Sapkota

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Early Onset ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Late Onset ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Neonatal Septicemia ◽

Gram Negative

Background. Neonatal septicemia is one of the most common leading reasons for neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Frequent monitoring on pathogens with recent updates and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is mandatory for the better treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the bacteriological profile of neonatal septicemia and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Outpatient Department (OPD), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and Pediatrics Ward of Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital (CMCTH), Bharatpur, Nepal. Blood cultures were performed on all suspected neonates attending to the hospital with a clinical analysis of neonatal septicemia. Isolated organism was identified by the standard microbiological protocol and antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results. Out of 516 specimens, bacterial growth was obtained in 56 specimens (10.8%). Prevalence of early onset sepsis was higher 35 (62.5%) in neonates compared to late onset sepsis 21 (37.5%). Majority of neonatal septicemia were caused by gram-negative isolates 39 (69.6%). Acinetobacter species 18 (32.1%) was most commonly isolated organism followed by Staphylococcus aureus 11 (19.6%). The predominant isolate in early onset septicemia was Acinetobacter species 18 (32.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus 9 (16%) and in late onset septicemia was Staphylococcus aureus 11 (19.6%) and Acinetobacter species 5 (8.9%). Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci displayed highest susceptibility towards vancomycin, amikacin, teicoplanin, and meropenem. Gram-negative isolates showed susceptibility towards amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ofloxacin, and gentamicin. Conclusions. Acinetobacter species and Staphylococcus aureus remain the most predominant organisms responsible for neonatal septicemia in a tertiary care setting and demonstrate a high resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. Above all, since the rate of Acinetobacter species causing sepsis is distressing, inspiring interest to control the excess burden of Acinetobacter species infection is mandatory.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Soft Tissues Infection among Patients Visiting Birendra Military Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3126/tujm.v6i0.26595 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 119-126

Author(s):

Kushaalta Giri ◽

Sharada Gurung ◽

Simrika Subedi ◽

Alina Singh ◽

Nabaraj Adhikari

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Effective Drug ◽

Military Hospital ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative

Objectives: To determine the rate of soft tissues infection and perform antibiotic pattern susceptibility test of bacterial pathogens isolated from soft tissue infected patients visiting Shree Birendra Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: A total of 380 wound specimens (open and closed) including pus and wound swabs were processed in the laboratory of Birendra Military Hospital, Chhauni from August to November 2018. The specimens were cultured on Blood Agar blood agar and Mac-Conkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test was performed by using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Thus, multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were differentiated. Results: Out of 380 bacterial isolates, 86(43.21%) were gram positive and 113(56.78%) were gram negative bacteria. Among all the gram-positive isolates 43(53.09%) were found to be MRSA. Similarly, 62(54.86%) were found to be MDR among the gram-negative bacteria. Gentamicin and Amikacin were found to be the most effective drug though the resistance pattern is not homogenous against all isolates. Conclusion: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all bacterial isolates showed that, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Piperacillin/ Tazobactam, Doxycycline was the effective drug for Gram-negative bacteria and Amikacin, Teicoplanin, Linezolid, Doxycycline, Gentamycin and Azithromycin was the most effective drug for Gram-positive organisms. Thus it can be concluded that these antibiotics may be used for the empirical treatment of soft tissues infection.

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