scholarly journals Transplacental Transfer of Primaquine and Neurobehavioral Development of Prenatally Exposed Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Klaus M. Becker ◽  
Lorenna Rosa ◽  
Manoella S. B. Fernandes ◽  
Rosangela R. de Carvalho ◽  
Ana Cecilia X. De-Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Neurobehavioral Development ◽  
Transplacental Transfer ◽  
Intrauterine Exposure ◽  
In Pregnancy

Primaquine (PQ) not only eliminates P. falciparum gametocytes but also kills liver dormant forms of P. vivax and P. ovale. Owing to these unique therapeutic properties, it is an essential drug. Although PQ has been used for over 70 years, its toxicological database has gaps such as the absence of studies on its reproductive and developmental toxicity and kinetics in pregnancy. This study investigated the transplacental transfer of PQ and the effects of intrauterine exposure on the postnatal growth, survival, and neurobehavioral development of the offspring. PQ kinetics and transplacental transfer were investigated in rats treated orally (40 mg.kg·bw−1) on gestation day (GD) 21. PQ was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array ultraviolet detection. To evaluate effects of intrauterine exposure on postnatal development, dams were treated orally with PQ (20 mg.kg·bw−1·d−1) or water (controls) on GD 0–21. Postnatal survival, body weight gain, somatic maturation, and reflex acquisition were evaluated. The open field test (OF) was conducted on PND 25. PQ concentration in the fetal plasma was nearly half that in maternal plasma. Except for increase in pregnancy loss, no effects of PQ were noted at term pregnancy and first days of life. Prenatal PQ did not affect postnatal weight gain nor did it impair somatic and neurologic development of the offspring. Pups born to PQ-treated dams showed reduced exploration and enhanced emotionality in the OF. PQ given in pregnancy, at doses greater than those recommended for malaria therapy, may affect pup postnatal survival and emotional behavior.

Developmental Toxicity Study of Piperonyl Butoxide in CD Rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyohito Tanaka ◽  
Tomoko Fujitani ◽  
Osamu Takahashi ◽  
Shinshi Oishi ◽  
Masako Yoneyama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Limb Deformity ◽  
Limb Deformities ◽  
Dose Levels

Piperonyl butoxide was administered to pregnant rats by gavage at a level of 0 (control), 630, 1065, and 1800 mg/kg bw on days 11-12 of gestation. The animals were killed on day 20 of gestation. Average maternal body weight gain (gestational days 11-20) was significantly reduced in the 1065 and 1800 mg/kg bw groups. Total resorption rate was significantly increased in the 1800 mg/kg bw group and those effects were significantly dose-related. The average fetal body weight of each sex was significantly reduced in the 1065 and 1800 mg/kg bw groups. External limb deformity (oligodactyly, syndactyly, and polydactyly) was significantly increased in the 1065 and 1800 mg/kg bw groups in a dose- related manner. The dose levels of piperonyl butoxide in the present study produced limb deformities in rats.

Developmental Toxicity of Cumene Vapor in Cd Rats and New Zealand White Rabbits

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth I. Darmer ◽  
Teresa L. Neeper-Bradley ◽  
Janette R. Cushman ◽  
Carl R. Morris ◽  
Barbara O. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits

The potential developmental toxicity of cumene vapor (99.9% pure) was assessed in pregnant CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats and New Zealand White rabbits exposed for 6 h per day by inhalation, the most relevant route of potential human exposure. Groups of 25 rats were exposed on gestational days (GD) 6–15 to concentrations of 0 (filtered air), 100, 500, or 1200 ppm, and groups of 15 rabbits were exposed on GD 6–18 to 0, 500, 1200, and 2300 ppm cumene vapor. In rats, reduced maternal body weight gain and increased relative liver weight was observed at 1200 ppm cumene. In rats and rabbits, reduced food consumption was observed at concentrations of 500 and 1200 ppm. A t 2300 ppm, 2 rabbits died, body weight gain and food consumption were reduced during the exposure period, and relative liver weights were increased. None of the gestational parameters, including numbers of viable implantations per litter, sex ratio, and fetal body weights, were affected at any exposure level in rats or rabbits. There were no treatment-related increases in incidences of external, visceral, or skeletal malformations or in the incidences of variations at any level. Thus, in rats, the no observable adverse effect level (NO A EL) for maternal toxicity was 100 ppm and the NO A EL for developmental toxicity was 1200 ppm, the highest concentration of cumene vapor tested. In rabbits, there was no NO A EL for maternal toxicity, but the NO A EL for developmental toxicity was 2300 ppm for cumene, the highest concentration tested. Therefore, even at exposure levels associated with maternal toxicity, cumene was not a developmental toxicant by inhalation exposure in either rats or rabbits.

PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN RAMI (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) DAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH DAUN RAMI UNTUK PENGGEMUKKAN DOMBA WONOSOBO

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Muryanto Muryanto ◽  
Pita Sudrajad ◽  
Amrih Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Boehmeria Nivea ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Potential Capacity ◽  
The Given

The aim of the study was to determine the development of ramie plants (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) and the effect of using ramie leaves on feed on the body weight gain of Wonosobo Sheep (Dombos). Research on the development of ramie plants using survey methods in the area of ramie plant development in Wonosobo Regency. While the research on the use of ramie leaves for fattening was carried out in Butuh Village, Kalikajar District, Wonosobo Regency in 2018. 21 male Dombos were divided into 3 feed treatments with forage proportions of 70%, 50% and 30 ramie leaves respectively. %. The results showed that currently ramie plants were being developed in Wonosobo Regency by CV. Ramindo Berkah Persada Sejahtera in Gandok Village, Kalikajar District, Wonosobo Regency, Central Java. Until now the area of the crop has reached 13 ha. Of this area will produce ramie leaves 195,000 kg / year. If one sheep needs 4 kg of ramie / tail / day leaves, then the potential capacity of sheep is 135 heads / year, if the given one is 50% then the Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Volume 16 202 Nomor 2 – Desember 2018potential capacity is 270 heads / year and if it is reduced again to 25% of ramie leaves then the potential capacity 440 heads / year. The use of ramie leaves as a feed for Wonosobo Sheep fattening can be given as much as 30% in fresh form.

Eisenia bicyclis Inhibits Body Weight Gain and Fat Accumulation Induced by High-Fat Diets in Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won-Hee Choi ◽  
Ji-Yun Ahn ◽  
Sun-A Kim ◽  
Tae-Wan Kim ◽  
Tae-Youl Ha
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Eisenia Bicyclis ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Pharmacokinetics, Placental and Breast Milk Transfer of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant and Lactating Women Living with HIV

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Hodel ◽  
C. Marzolini ◽  
C. Waitt ◽  
N. Rakhmanina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
Drug Transporters ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background:Remarkable progress has been achieved in the identification of HIV infection in pregnant women and in the prevention of vertical HIV transmission through maternal antiretroviral treatment (ART) and neonatal antiretroviral drug (ARV) prophylaxis in the last two decades. Millions of women globally are receiving combination ART throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, periods associated with significant biological and physiological changes affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ARVs. The objective of this review was to summarize currently available knowledge on the PK of ARVs during pregnancy and transport of maternal ARVs through the placenta and into the breast milk. We also summarized main safety considerations for in utero and breast milk ARVs exposures in infants.Methods:We conducted a review of the pharmacological profiles of ARVs in pregnancy and during breastfeeding obtained from published clinical studies. Selected maternal PK studies used a relatively rich sampling approach at each ante- and postnatal sampling time point. For placental and breast milk transport of ARVs, we selected the studies that provided ratios of maternal to the cord (M:C) plasma and breast milk to maternal plasma (M:P) concentrations, respectively.Results:We provide an overview of the physiological changes during pregnancy and their effect on the PK parameters of ARVs by drug class in pregnancy, which were gathered from 45 published studies. The PK changes during pregnancy affect the dosing of several protease inhibitors during pregnancy and limit the use of several ARVs, including three single tablet regimens with integrase inhibitors or protease inhibitors co-formulated with cobicistat due to suboptimal exposures. We further analysed the currently available data on the mechanism of the transport of ARVs from maternal plasma across the placenta and into the breast milk and summarized the effect of pregnancy on placental and of breastfeeding on mammal gland drug transporters, as well as physicochemical properties, C:M and M:P ratios of individual ARVs by drug class. Finally, we discussed the major safety issues of fetal and infant exposure to maternal ARVs.Conclusions:Available pharmacological data provide evidence that physiological changes during pregnancy affect maternal, and consequently, fetal ARV exposure. Limited available data suggest that the expression of drug transporters may vary throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding thereby possibly impacting the amount of ARV crossing the placenta and secreted into the breast milk. The drug transporter’s role in the fetal/child exposure to maternal ARVs needs to be better understood. Our analysis underscores the need for more pharmacological studies with innovative study design, sparse PK sampling, improved study data reporting and PK modelling in pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV to optimize their treatment choices and maternal and child health outcomes.

Effect of Honey & Olive Oil Supplemented Bio-Yoghurt Feeding on Lipid Profile, Blood Glucose and Hematological Parameters in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Magdy M. Ismail ◽  
El-Tahra M. Ammar ◽  
Abd El-Wahab E. Khalil ◽  
Mohamed Z. Eid
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Background and Objective: Yoghurt, especially bio-yoghurt has long been recognized as a product with many health benefits for consumers. Also, honey and olive oil have considerable nutritional and health effects. So, the effect of administration of yoghurt made using ABT culture and fortified with honey (2 and 6%), olive oil (1 and 4%) or honey + olive oil (2+1 and 6+4% respectively) on some biological and hematological properties of rats was investigated.Methods:The body weight gain, serum lipid level, blood glucose level, serum creatinine level, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) activity, Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) activity, leukocytes and lymphocytes counts of rats were evaluated.Results:Blending of bio-yoghurt with rats' diet improved body weight gain. Concentrations of Total plasma Cholesterol (TC), High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and Triglycerides (TG) significantly lowered in plasma of rats fed bio-yoghurt. Levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG also decreased in rat groups feed bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil. LDL concentrations were reduced by 10.32, 18.51, 34.17, 22.48, 43.30% in plasma of rats fed classic starter yoghurt, ABT yoghurt, ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey, ABT yoghurt contained 4% olive oil and ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey + 4% olive oil respectively. The blood glucose, serum creatinine, GOT and GPT values of rats decreased while white blood cells and lymphocytes counts increased by feeding bioyoghurt contained honey and olive oil.Conclusion:The findings enhanced the multiple therapeutic effects of bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil.

Surgical Management of Atresia Ani in a Crossbred Calf

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
Madan Pal ◽  
Kashi Ram ◽  
Chander Pal Garhwal ◽  
Virender .
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Intestinal Atresia ◽  
Congenital Defect ◽  
Surgical Correction ◽  
Anal Opening

Atresia ani is a congenital defect that describes the absence of a normal anal opening. It is fatal unless a surgical correction is carried out to provide an anal opening. In female, the rectum may break through the vagina, forming a rectovaginal fistula permitting defecation via the vulva. Surgical treatment of atresia ani is indicated to save the animal’s life and to improve body weight gain. Intestinal atresia has been reported as a congenital defect in all species of domestic animals (Gass and Tibboel, 1980). Atresia ani may be caused by genetic disorders (chromosomes or transgenesis), environmental factors, or a combination of both (Cassini et al., 2005). Monsang et al. (2011) reported a case of double vulva with atresia ani in a crossbred calf. Atresia ani should be treated by a surgical operation to solve the problem, improve body weight gain, and reduce economic loss. The present report records a case of atresia ani in a crossbred cow-calf and its successful surgical correction.

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