Cell-Based Transplantation versus Cell Homing Approaches for Pulp-Dentin Complex Regeneration

Regenerative dentistry has paved the way for a new era for the replacement of damaged dental tissues. Whether the causative factor is dental caries, trauma, or chemical insult, the loss of the pulp vitality constitutes one of the major health problems worldwide. Two regenerative therapies were introduced for a fully functional pulp-dentin complex regeneration, namely, cell-based (cell transplantation) and cell homing (through revascularization or homing by injection of stem cells in situ or intravenously) therapies, with each demonstrating advantages as well as drawback, especially in clinical application. The present review is aimed at elaborating on these two techniques in the treatment of irreversibly inflamed or necrotic pulp, which is aimed at regenerating a fully functional pulp-dentin complex.

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Tooth Formation: Are the Hardest Tissues of Human Body Hard to Regenerate?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21114031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 4031 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juliana Baranova ◽

Dominik Büchner ◽

Werner Götz ◽

Margit Schulze ◽

Edda Tobiasch

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Drug Release ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Tooth Germ ◽

Tooth Regeneration ◽

Dental Tissue ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Regenerative Dentistry

With increasing life expectancy, demands for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration are becoming more significant. Despite great progress in medicine, including regenerative therapies, the complex structure of dental tissues introduces several challenges to the field of regenerative dentistry. Interdisciplinary efforts from cellular biologists, material scientists, and clinical odontologists are being made to establish strategies and find the solutions for dental tissue regeneration and/or whole-tooth regeneration. In recent years, many significant discoveries were done regarding signaling pathways and factors shaping calcified tissue genesis, including those of tooth. Novel biocompatible scaffolds and polymer-based drug release systems are under development and may soon result in clinically applicable biomaterials with the potential to modulate signaling cascades involved in dental tissue genesis and regeneration. Approaches for whole-tooth regeneration utilizing adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or tooth germ cells transplantation are emerging as promising alternatives to overcome existing in vitro tissue generation hurdles. In this interdisciplinary review, most recent advances in cellular signaling guiding dental tissue genesis, novel functionalized scaffolds and drug release material, various odontogenic cell sources, and methods for tooth regeneration are discussed thus providing a multi-faceted, up-to-date, and illustrative overview on the tooth regeneration matter, alongside hints for future directions in the challenging field of regenerative dentistry.

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Neural Crest Stem Cells from Dental Tissues: A New Hope for Dental and Neural Regeneration

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2012/103503 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Gaskon Ibarretxe ◽

Olatz Crende ◽

Maitane Aurrekoetxea ◽

Victoria García-Murga ◽

Javier Etxaniz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Neural Crest ◽

Neural Regeneration ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Adult Human ◽

Regenerative Dentistry ◽

Cord Injury

Several stem cell sources persist in the adult human body, which opens the doors to both allogeneic and autologous cell therapies. Tooth tissues have proven to be a surprisingly rich and accessible source of neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), which may be employed to repair disease-affected oral tissues in advanced regenerative dentistry. Additionally, one area of medicine that demands intensive research on new sources of stem cells is nervous system regeneration, since this constitutes a therapeutic hope for patients affected by highly invalidating conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. However, endogenous adult sources of neural stem cells present major drawbacks, such as their scarcity and complicated obtention. In this context, EMSCs from dental tissues emerge as good alternative candidates, since they are preserved in adult human individuals, and retain both high proliferation ability and a neural-like phenotypein vitro. In this paper, we discuss some important aspects of tissue regeneration by cell therapy and point out some advantages that EMSCs provide for dental and neural regeneration. We will finally review some of the latest research featuring experimental approaches and benefits of dental stem cell therapy.

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Stem cells in dentistry – A new era on the horizon?

Faculty Dental Journal ◽

10.1308/rcsfdj.2016.64 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 64-67

Author(s):

Evgeny Kushnerev ◽

Julian M Yates

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Tooth Pulp ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Distant Future ◽

Pulp Fiction ◽

New Era ◽

Dental Procedures ◽

Regenerative Dentistry

Have you ever thought that root canal treatment or tooth extraction could be a reversible procedure? Can you imagine the possibility of regenerating tooth pulp or even whole teeth? Researchers are trying to find ways to make this possible and, along with new advances in stem cell research, this is leading to rapid developments in regenerative dentistry and medicine. In the not-too-distant future, clinicians could potentially use stem cell therapy to treat caries or bone loss. But what about the source of suitable stem cells? Fortunately, there is one particular source to consider – dental pulp stem cells. The possibility of cryopreserving exfoliated deciduous teeth or extirpated pulp tissue for use in non-conservative dental procedures would be a major breakthrough. Using a patients’ own cryopreserved pulpal stem cells to regenerate dental or alveolar tissues: pulp fiction or reality?

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Bioengineered tooth emulation systems for regenerative and pharmacological purposes

10.22203/ecm.v041a32 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 502-516

Author(s):

P Pagella ◽

◽

A Cordiale ◽

GD Marconi ◽

O Trubiani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Drug Testing ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Human Tooth ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

Bioengineered Tooth ◽

Different Populations ◽

Regenerative Therapies

Genetic conditions, traumatic injuries, carious lesions and periodontal diseases are all responsible for dental pathologies. The current clinical approaches are based on the substitution of damaged dental tissues with inert materials, which, however, do not ensure full physiological recovery of the teeth. Different populations of dental mesenchymal stem cells have been isolated from dental tissues and several attempts have already been made at using these stem cells for the regeneration of human dental tissues. Despite encouraging progresses, dental regenerative therapies are very far from any clinical applications. This is tightly connected with the absence of proper platforms that would model and faithfully mimic human dental tissues in their complexity. Therefore, in the last decades, many efforts have been dedicated for the development of innovative systems capable of emulating human tooth physiology in vitro. This review focuses on the use of in vitro culture systems, such as bioreactors and “organ-on-a-chip” microfluidic devices, for the modelling of human dental tissues and their potential use for dental regeneration and drug testing.

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Innovative Dental Stem Cell-Based Research Approaches: The Future of Dentistry

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2016/7231038 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Shayee Miran ◽

Thimios A. Mitsiadis ◽

Pierfrancesco Pagella

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Adult Stem Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽

Regenerative Dentistry ◽

Potential Applications

Over the past decade, the dental field has benefited from recent findings in stem cell biology and tissue engineering that led to the elaboration of novel ideas and concepts for the regeneration of dental tissues or entire new teeth. In particular, stem cell-based regenerative approaches are extremely promising since they aim at the full restoration of lost or damaged tissues, ensuring thus their functionality. These therapeutic approaches are already applied with success in clinics for the regeneration of other organs and consist of manipulation of stem cells and their administration to patients. Stem cells have the potential to self-renew and to give rise to a variety of cell types that ensure tissue repair and regeneration throughout life. During the last decades, several adult stem cell populations have been isolated from dental and periodontal tissues, characterized, and tested for their potential applications in regenerative dentistry. Here we briefly present the various stem cell-based treatment approaches and strategies that could be translated in dental practice and revolutionize dentistry.

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Stem Cells-based and Molecular-based Approaches in Regenerative Dentistry: A Topical Review

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x14666190626111154 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 607-616

Author(s):

Marco Tatullo ◽

Bruna Codispoti ◽

Jamal Sied ◽

Irina Makeeva ◽

Francesco Paduano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Tooth Structure ◽

Innovative Strategies ◽

Scientific Databases ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Topical Review ◽

Regenerative Dentistry ◽

Future Challenges ◽

And Function

Background:: Regenerative medicine is a growing branch of medicine aimed to treat damaged or lost tissues, to promote tissue formation and to restore both aesthetics and function. In the last years, several scientific articles have been focused on the regenerative procedures aimed to increase the survival rate of compromised teeth; the most effective approaches have been based on molecularbased and on cellular-based protocols; however, to date, both these techniques have not been carefully analysed and discussed, to know in details the advantages of each of them. Methods:: A literature search was undertaken on three electronic scientific databases: Medline via PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Authors aimed to select such articles published in the time span from January 1961 until December 2017. The authors screened the titles and the abstracts including the following keywords combinations: “Pulp AND Therapy”, “Regenerative AND Endodontic”, and “Endodontics AND Tissue engineering”. After the exclusion of any not related articles, the full text of such papers related to the topics was included in this review. Results:: Following the removal of duplicate articles and of other types of publications (such as erratum and corrigendum), 621 articles were selected to be included and analysed in our topical review. The articles were analysed into the following sections: cellular-based approaches for dental regeneration, molecular-based and combined cellular/molecular-based approaches for dental regeneration, and translational applications of regenerative dentistry. Conclusion:: This topical review has been focused on the main, the most promising and the most innovative strategies for achieving the regeneration of dental pulp or dental tissues. The main and surprising “take-home message” is related to the great interest towards the dental-derived stem cells, characterized by a high angiogenic and neurogenic commitment. Future challenges will be focused on the development of biological-friendly regenerative strategies: the new approaches should overcome the current biological limitations, to promote the combined cellular and molecular-based treatments, able to ensure predictable clinical evidence, with the achievement of the regeneration/repairing of the compromised dental pulp and of the entire tooth structure.

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Immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties of umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative therapies

The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon ◽

10.1055/s-0030-1268919 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (S 01) ◽

Author(s):

M Stubbendorff ◽

T Deuse ◽

K Tang-Quan ◽

H Reichenspurner ◽

RC Robbins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Immunomodulatory Properties ◽

Regenerative Therapies

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Hard Dental Tissues Regeneration—Approaches and Challenges

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14102558 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2558

Author(s):

Mihaela Olaru ◽

Liliana Sachelarie ◽

Gabriela Calin

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Present Review ◽

Modern Concept ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Tissue Engineering Approach ◽

Hard Dental Tissues ◽

Review Reports

With the development of the modern concept of tissue engineering approach and the discovery of the potential of stem cells in dentistry, the regeneration of hard dental tissues has become a reality and a priority of modern dentistry. The present review reports the recent advances on stem-cell based regeneration strategies for hard dental tissues and analyze the feasibility of stem cells and of growth factors in scaffolds-based or scaffold-free approaches in inducing the regeneration of either the whole tooth or only of its component structures.

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Construction of a mammalian embryo model from stem cells organized by a morphogen signalling centre

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-23653-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Peng-Fei Xu ◽

Ricardo Moraes Borges ◽

Jonathan Fillatre ◽

Maraysa de Oliveira-Melo ◽

Tao Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Cell Tracking ◽

Cardiac Tissue ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Mammalian Embryo ◽

Wide Range ◽

Vitro Model ◽

Neurula Stage

AbstractGenerating properly differentiated embryonic structures in vitro from pluripotent stem cells remains a challenge. Here we show that instruction of aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells with an experimentally engineered morphogen signalling centre, that functions as an organizer, results in the development of embryo-like entities (embryoids). In situ hybridization, immunolabelling, cell tracking and transcriptomic analyses show that these embryoids form the three germ layers through a gastrulation process and that they exhibit a wide range of developmental structures, highly similar to neurula-stage mouse embryos. Embryoids are organized around an axial chordamesoderm, with a dorsal neural plate that displays histological properties similar to the murine embryo neuroepithelium and that folds into a neural tube patterned antero-posteriorly from the posterior midbrain to the tip of the tail. Lateral to the chordamesoderm, embryoids display somitic and intermediate mesoderm, with beating cardiac tissue anteriorly and formation of a vasculature network. Ventrally, embryoids differentiate a primitive gut tube, which is patterned both antero-posteriorly and dorso-ventrally. Altogether, embryoids provide an in vitro model of mammalian embryo that displays extensive development of germ layer derivatives and that promises to be a powerful tool for in vitro studies and disease modelling.

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