Refractive Error in Patients with Retinopathy of Prematurity after Laser Photocoagulation or Bevacizumab Monotherapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 234 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsi-Kung Kuo ◽  
I-Ting Sun ◽  
Mei-Yung Chung ◽  
Yi-Hao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Laser Photocoagulation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Type 1 Rop ◽  
Group 1

Purpose: To evaluate the refractive development of premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after treatment with laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB). Methods: The medical records of patients with ROP treated between 2003 and 2012 who underwent yearly follow-ups were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with residual ROP abnormalities were excluded. The cycloplegic refraction at 3 years of age, assessed using an autorefractometer, was recorded. Results: In total, 54 eyes from 54 patients were enrolled. Patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1, including 14 eyes of 14 patients treated with laser therapy; group 2, 15 eyes of 15 patients treated with IVB; group 3, 13 eyes of 13 patients with non-type 1 ROP under conservative follow-up, and group 4, 12 eyes of 12 premature patients without ROP. The mean spherical equivalent at 3 years of age was -1.71 ± 1.27 dpt in group 1, -1.53 ± 2.20 dpt in group 2, 0.63 ± 1.37 dpt in group 3, and 0.41 ± 1.95 dpt in group 4. The mean refractive error differed significantly among the 4 groups (p < 0.001). Patients in groups 1 and 2 were more prone to myopia compared with those in groups 3 and 4. Furthermore, patients with type 1 ROP treated by laser photocoagulation (group 1) and those treated by IVB (group 2) had similar refraction (p = 1). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that treatment-demanding ROP eyes are susceptible to more severe myopia with age compared with eyes without ROP or those with spontaneously regressed ROP. In addition, the myopic status between laser and IVB treatment did not differ statistically.

scholarly journals Acute Phase Effect of Memantine Hydrochloride in Experimental Peripheral Nerve Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Hakan AK ◽  
Iskender Samet Daltaban ◽  
Sevilay Vural
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Aim In this experimental study, we aimed to investigate possible healing effects of memantine hydrochloride, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, with clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic methods on acute peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Material and Method Forty-eight adult Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 12). The groups were arranged as sham-operated group (group 1), acute compression model group (group 2), trauma + low-dose memantine group (group 3), and trauma + high-dose memantine group (group 4). Memantine was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days. Subjects were sacrificed after the measurement of the sciatic nerve function index (SNFI) on the eighth day. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured in nerve tissues. Histopathologic evaluation was performed by electron microscopy. Results The mean sciatic function index (SFI) scores of groups 1 to 4 were +3.27 (standard deviation [SD] ±4.66),–18.2 (SD = ±11.7),–8.5 (SD = ±7.5), and–2.5 (SD = ±9), respectively. The mean COX-2 values were 0.98 ng/mL (SD = ±0.51), 1.89 ng/mL (SD = ±0.22), 1.39 ng/mL (SD = ±0.36), and 1.35 ng/mL (SD = ±0.59), respectively. TNF-α values were 0.09 pg/mL (SD = ±0.23), 1 pg/mL (SD = ±0.96), 0.46 pg/mL (SD = ±0.55), and 0.48 pg/mL (SD = ±0.78), respectively. Group 1 showed normal histologic findings. Group 2 showed marked edema particularly in large-diameter myelins. Myelin configurations were detected in large myelinated axons in group 3. The number of mast cells in endoneurium was high in group 4. Conclusion The efficacy of memantine in the acute phase of PNI appears to be significant according to the SNFI and biochemical tests. However, histologic findings suggest that high doses of memantine have a negative effect on PNI.

Cyclosporine Dose, Serum Trough Levels, and Allograft Preservation in a Rat Model of Laryngeal Transplantation

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 506-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Haug ◽  
Michael Fritz ◽  
Olivia Dan ◽  
Robert R. Lorenz ◽  
Sophie Wimberley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Serum Trough ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Trough Levels ◽  
Group 1

Using a rat model of laryngeal transplantation, we sought to define the relationships between acute laryngeal rejection grade (RG) and cyclosporin A (CSA) concentration and CSA dosage. Five recipient Lewis rat groups (N = 10 per group) were administered intramuscular CSA doses of 1.0 (group 1), 2.5 (group 2), 5.0 (group 3), 7.5 (group 4), and 10 mg/kg per day (group 5) for 14 days. Immediately before sacrifice, 5 mL of whole blood was obtained to assay CSA trough levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. The specimens were graded microscopically by blinded reviewers by day of RG, 0 to 14 days after transplantation, as described in earlier reports. Despite high intragroup variability in CSA levels, significantly different mean CSA concentrations were achieved among all CSA dosage groups: 1,2,3,4, and 5 (.0001 < p < .02). The mean laryngeal RGs did not test significantly different from each other with groups 3, 4, and 5 (RG, 2.3 ± 1.3 versus 1.9 ± 1.1 versus 1.7 ±0.3, respectively, .2 < p < .6). The RG for group 1 was significantly greater than those for groups 2 through 5 (p < .001), and the group 2 RG was greater (p < .02) than those for groups 3, 4, and 5. Polynomial fitting was used to determine the continuous relationship between each individual specimen's CSA concentration and the RG. Significant pathological allograft rejection correlated with CSA concentrations below 250 ng/mL.

PITUITARY LH AND FSH SECRETION AND RESPONSIVENESS IN WOMEN OF OLD AGE

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Scaglia ◽  
Martha Medina ◽  
Ada L. Pinto-Ferreira ◽  
Guadalupe Vazques ◽  
Carlos Gual ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Episodic Fluctuations ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT The plasma concentrations and episodic fluctuations of immunoreactive FSH and LH as well as the pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH stimulation were evaluated in post-menopausal women. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to age. Group 1: 60–70 years old (n=11), group 2: 70–80 years old (n=22), group 3: 80–90 years old (n=31) and group 4: 90–100 years old (n=8). Standards used in gonadotrophin radioimmunoassays included the LER-907 preparation and a pooled post-menopausal serum. Since it was found that circulating gonadotrophins have an immunological pattern different from that shown by the pituitary preparation, the results were expressed in mIU/ml calculated accordingly to the immunological behaviour of pooled post-menopausal sera. The mean (± se) plasma levels of FSH (mIU/ml) were: group 1: 105.9 ± 9.5, group 2: 149.3 ± 10.5, group 3: 124.8 ± 7.1 and group 4: 149.4 ± 25.3. The mean (± se) plasma levels of LH (mIU/ml) were: group 1: 81.9 ± 12.5, group 2: 95.4 ± 9.9, group 3: 84.3 ± 7.7 and group 4: 113.5 ± 19.1. No statistically significant differences were observed among the 4 groups. One patient from each group was randomly selected in order to evaluate their LH and FSH episodic release as well as their pituitary responsiveness to exogenous stimulation. A pulsatile plasma pattern of gonadotrophin and a normal pituitary response to LH-RH injection were observed in the 4 patients studied. The results are interpreted as demonstrating that normal pituitary gonadotrophin function and pituitary reserve and responsiveness to exogenous stimulation are maintained in women of advanced age.

scholarly journals Effects of eliminating tension by means of epineural stitches: a comparative electrophysiological and histomorphometrical study using different suture techniques in an animal model

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (2b) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Bustamante ◽  
M Socolovsky ◽  
R S Martins ◽  
J Emmerich ◽  
M G Pennini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Results ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Nerve Suture ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Human Nerve ◽  
Group 1

Epineural stitches are a means to avoid tension in a nerve suture. We evaluate this technique, relative to interposed grafts and simple neurorraphy, in a rat model. METHOD: Twenty rats were allocated to four groups. For Group 1, sectioning of the sciatic nerve was performed, a segment 4 mm long discarded, and epineural suture with distal anchoring stitches were placed resulting in slight tension neurorraphy. For Group 2, a simple neurorraphy was performed. For Group 3, a 4 mm long graft was employed and Group 4 served as control. Ninety days after, reoperation, latency of motor action potentials recording and axonal counts were performed. Inter-group comparison was done by means of ANOVA and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The mean motor latency for the simple suture (2.27±0.77 ms) was lower than for the other two surgical groups, but lower than among controls (1.69±0.56 ms). Similar values were founding in both group 1 (2.66±0.71 ms) and group 3 (2.64±0.6 ms). When fibers diameters were compared a significant difference was identified between groups 2 and 3 (p=0.048). CONCLUSION: Good results can be obtained when suturing a nerve employ with epineural anchoring stitches. However, more studies are needed before extrapolating results to human nerve sutures.

scholarly journals Superoxide via Sp3 mechanism increases renal renin activity, renal AT1 receptor function, and blood pressure in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. F1478-F1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saleem ◽  
Xitao Wang ◽  
Indira Pokkunuri ◽  
Mohammad Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Lysine Acetylation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

We tested a hypothesis that superoxide, by inducing Sp3, increases renal renin activity, renal angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) function, and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Group 1 rats were treated with vehicle, saline. Group 2 rats were treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor diethylthiocarbamate (DETC). Group 3 rats were treated with DETC and an SOD mimetic, tempol. Group 4 rats were treated with tempol only. All four groups of rats were treated for 2 wk then anesthetized, and BP was recorded. Thereafter, diuresis and natriuresis in response to AT1R blocker candesartan were determined. When compared with vehicle rats, BP increased in DETC rats. The increased BP in DETC rats decreased with tempol. Diuresis and natriuresis in response to candesartan increased in controls, and this further increased in DETC rats and decreased with tempol. A second set of four groups of rats underwent the same treatment as above and were anesthetized, and their kidneys were obtained for biochemical studies. The levels of superoxide but not hydrogen peroxide increased, whereas SOD activities decreased further in the renal cortical tissues of DETC rats than vehicle rats. These effects were attenuated with tempol in DETC rats. Moreover, tissue renin activity and abundance of membranous AT1R proteins increased more in DETC rats than vehicle rats, and decreased with tempol in DETC rats. Furthermore, the levels of lysine-acetylated, but not serine-phosphorylated, Sp3 increased more in the nuclei of DETC rats than vehicle rats. The increased levels of Sp3 lysine acetylation decreased in DETC rats with tempol. Taken together, our results suggest that superoxide activates renal Sp3 via lysine acetylation increasing renin activity, AT1R function, and BP in rats.

scholarly journals The effects of local nitroglycerin on the surgical delay procedure in prefabricated flaps by vascular implant in rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 905-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairo Zacchê de Sá ◽  
José Lamartine de Andrade Aguiar ◽  
Adriana Ferreira Cruz ◽  
Alexandre Ricardo Pereira Schuler ◽  
José Ricardo Alves de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Delay Procedure ◽  
Surgical Delay ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Prefabricated Flap ◽  
Group 1

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of local nitroglycerin on the viable area of a prefabricated flap for vascular implant in rats, and to investigate the surgical delay procedure. METHODS: A femoral pedicle was implanted under the skin of the abdominal wall in forty Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups of ten: group 1 - without surgical delay procedure and local nitroglycerin; group 2 - with surgical delay procedure, but without local nitroglycerin; group 3 - without surgical delay procedure, but with local nitroglycerin; and group 4 - with simultaneous surgical delay procedure and local nitroglycerin. The percentages of the viable areas, in relation to the total flap, were calculated using AutoCAD R 14. RESULTS: The mean percentage value of the viable area was 8.9% in the group 1. 49.4% in the group 2; 8.4% in the group 3 and 1.1% in the group 4. There was significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (p=0.005), 1 and 4 (p=0.024), 2 and 3 (p=0.003), 2 and 4 (p=0.001). These results support the hypothesis that the closure of the arterial venous channels is responsible for the phenomenon of surgical delay procedure. CONCLUSION: Local nitroglycerin did not cause an increase in the prefabricated viable flap area by vascular implantation and decreased the viable flap area that underwent delay procedures.

scholarly journals Effect of Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phones on Spermatogenesis in the Era of 4G-LTE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Jin Oh ◽  
Seok-Soo Byun ◽  
Sang Eun Lee ◽  
Gheeyoung Choe ◽  
Sung Kyu Hong
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
4G Lte ◽  
Group 1

Objective. To investigate the effect of long duration exposure to electromagnetic field from mobile phones on spermatogenesis in rats using 4G-LTE. Methods. Twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats were placed into 4 groups according to the intensity and exposure duration: Group 1 (sham procedure), Group 2 (3 cm distance + 6 h exposure daily), Group 3 (10 cm distance + 18 h exposure daily), and Group 4 (3 cm distance + 18 h exposure daily). After 1 month, we compared sperm parameters and histopathological findings of the testis. Results. The mean spermatid count (×106/ml) was 398.6 in Group 1, 365.40 in Group 2, 354.60 in Group 3, and 298.60 in Group 4 (p=0.041). In the second review, the mean count of spermatogonia in Group 4 (43.00) was significantly lower than in Group 1 (57.00) and Group 2 (53.40) (p<0.001 and p=0.010, resp.). The sum of the germ cell counts was decreased in Group 4 compared to Groups 1, 2, and 3 (p=0.032). The mean Leydig cell count was significantly decreased in Group 4 (p<0.001). Conclusions. The longer exposure duration of electromagnetic field decreased the spermatogenesis. Our findings warrant further investigations on the potential effects of EMF from mobile phones on male fertility.

Performance of sows first mated at puberty or second or third oestrus, and carcass assessment of once-bred gilts

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
F. D. Deb Hovell ◽  
A. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

SUMMARY1. Of 80 gilts reared on a restricted plane of nutrition, 75 were allocated to one of four groups. Group 1; 17 gilts mated at puberty were slaughtered after farrowing their first litter. Group 2; 20 gilts mated at puberty were observed for three parities. Group 3; 18 gilts mated at second oestrus were observed for three parties. Group 4; 18 gilts mated at third oestrus were observed for three parities. Group 5; nine additional gilts reared on feed ad libitum and mated at first oestrus were observed for three parities. All animals received the same ration after the first mating.2. The mean age (±SD) of the restricted gilts at puberty was 186 ± 17 days at a weight of 89 ± 9 kg. The gilts fed ad libitum were significantly (P<0·01) older and heavier at puberty (203 ± 15 days and 120 ± 27 kg).3. Conception rates were 83, 86, 94 and 82% for Groups 1 and 2 combined, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.4. Gilts mated at first, second and third oestrus produced, respectively, 7·8, 9·8 and 10·4 ± 2·2 piglets in the first parity. Group 5 gilts had 11·0 ± 2·2 piglets. All significant differences were confined to the first parity.5. By the end of the third parity there were no differences between the restricted gilts mated at first, second or third oestrus in total number of piglets born or reared.6. The gilts slaughtered (at 135 kg) after producing one litter yielded carcasses which were heavier but leaner than those from contemporary maiden gilts grown to 120 kg on a semi-restricted feeding scale.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN FORMALIN UNTUK PENGENDALIAN SAPROLEGNIASIS PADA TELUR IKAN NILA MERAH (Oreochromis sp.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-171
Author(s):  
Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Saprolegniasis was a primary fungal disease that attacks fish eggs and fish. This disease was caused by Saprolegnia sp. The infections of Saprolegnia sp. in fish eggs can be minimized with dip treatment in formalin solution. This esearch was the control of saprolegniasis on red nila eggs (Oreochromis sp.) with formalin. This research used 400 red nila eggs. It was dipped suspension of Saprolegnia sp. (OD550 = 0,5) for 36 jam. The treatment was divided into four groups. Each group used 10 replication and each treatment with 10 eggs. The eggs in group 1 as control were not treated. The egg in-group 2, 3, and 4 were dipped formalin for five minute. The concentration of formalin in-group 2, 3, and 4 were 4 ml/L, 5 ml/L, and 6 ml/L. These data was taken after the treatment and the investigating parameter was the mean percentage of totally eggs that not infected by Saprolegnia sp. These data was analyzed by ANAVA and LSD at α = 5 percent. The results of this experiment showed that the increasing of formalin concentrations at each treatment caused significantly decreasing at the growth of Saprolegnia sp. on the red nila fish eggs. The control (1) group was not decreasing of the growth of Saprolegnia sp. The growth of Saprolegnia sp. in-group 2 decreased until 82 percent. The growth of Saprolegnia sp. in-group 3 decreased until 92 percent. The growth of Saprolegnia sp. in-group 4 decreased until 96 percent.

Characterisation of Leukaemic Stem Cell Populations in Childhood AML Indicate Distinct Disease Subtypes with Diverse Clinical Features

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 1500-1500
Author(s):  
Victoria J Weston ◽  
Tracey A Perry ◽  
Katie Brown ◽  
Shaun R Wilson ◽  
Pamela R Kearns
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cd38 Expression ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Childhood Aml ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Stem Cell Populations ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Abstract 1500 Five year survival rates for childhood AML in children are currently 55–65%. AML is an extremely heterogeneous disease, and while prognostic significance of some karyotypic abnormalities has become evident, the biology of the disease remains largely unknown. Full characterisation of leukaemia initiating cells which may be responsible for relapse has not yet been undertaken. We investigated the leukaemic stem cell populations from 10 childhood primary AML samples by comparing expression of CD34, CD38 and CD45RA, a marker of a committed granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP)-like population frequent in adult AML, in vitro daunorubicin sensitivity and engraftment in immuno-compromised NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rgnull (NOG) mice. Consequently, we were able to classify AML samples into 4 subgroups. These comprised Group 1, CD34+CD38- AML (n=1); Group 2, CD34-CD38+CD45RA- (<10% CD34+ blasts) AML (n=4); Group 3, CD34+CD38+CD45RA- (>10% CD34+ blasts) AML (n=4); and Group 4, CD34-CD38+CD45RA+ (<10% CD34+ and >10% CD45RA+ blasts) (n=1). There was no apparent enrichment for high risk prognostic karyotypes in any of the groups. The Group 1 AML presented at 3y with t(16;21); In Group 2 AMLs, the mean presentation age was 11y, 2 carried good prognostic t(8;21), while 1 had MLL involvement and 1 had FLT3-ITD with chromosome 13 isodisomy, both higher risk indicators; The Group 3 AMLs presented with a mean age of 11.9y and 2 carried good prognostic inv(16) whereas 2 had FLT3-ITD one with additional chromosome 13 isodisomy, t(5;11) and TP53 loss. Finally, the Group 4 AML presented at 1.5y with a normal karyotype. When we compared the 2 most frequent subgroups, Group 2 had a much shorter mean EFS of 122d (n=2) compared with a 275d (n=4) for Group 3 (the mean follow up was 282d and 1013.5d, respectively). We next sorted four cell subpopulations based on CD34 and CD38 expression (CD34+CD38-, CD34+CD38+, CD34-CD38- and CD34-CD38+ blasts) and compared in vitro sensitivity to daunorubicin. In Group 1, CD34- and CD34+ cells were equally sensitive at nanomolar IC50 doses. In 2 of the Group 2 AMLs,CD34-CD38- cells were the most resistant to daunorubicin at micromolar IC50 doses (2.5-10mM) whereas the CD34-CD38+ cells (also the dominant subpopulation in this group) were the most sensitive cells exhibiting nanomolar IC50 doses (750–800nM). In contrast, the Group 3 AMLs were overall more sensitive to daunorubicin exhibiting lower nanomolar IC50 doses. Again in this group, the CD34-CD38- cells were typically the most resistant (this time being the dominant subpopulation) whereas the CD34+CD38+ were the most sensitive cells. Finally, in the Group 4 AML, while CD45RA+ cells rapidly underwent spontaneous apoptosis, CD45RA- cells exhibited extreme resistance to daunorubicin (IC50 >10mM) and CD38 expression had no impact on sensitivity. The reduced sensitivity of Group 2 AMLs to daunorubicin compared with Group 3 could, therefore, be an underlying factor contributing to shorter EFS. Finally, we initiated comparison of the stem cell qualities of the different subpopulations from representative samples from each of the two major subgroups, first by assessment of differentiation potential in vitro, and second by engraftment in vivo using NOG mice. In on-going experiments, the time to leukaemia will be compared between mice injected with unsorted and sorted cells and, at terminal cull, cells harvested from organs will be characterised by karyotype and immunophenotype and tested for clonogenic potential via subsequent serial transplantations. Peripheral blood sampling currently suggests higher human CD45+ engraftment in mice injected with sorted versus unsorted cells, and these are CD34+CD33+CD3- recapitulating the AML phenotype. We anticipate that particular subpopulations will be enriched for AML stem cells with the ability to repopulate the leukaemia. Overall, we have shown that childhood AML is diverse with respect to stem cell characteristics. AMLs with low CD34 (Groups 2 and 4) exhibit the greatest overall resistance to daunorubicin as well as shorter EFS. Furthermore, in the majority of AMLs, CD34-CD38- blasts exhibit the least sensitivity to daunorubicin. Novel therapies which can target these resistant subpopulations with leukaemia initiating activity could significantly improve the treatment responses in this clinically challenging disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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