scholarly journals Role of the Intestinal Microbiome in Cholestatic Liver Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas F. LaRusso ◽  
James H. Tabibian ◽  
Steven P. O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Cholestatic Liver Disease ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Dynamic Interplay ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Hepatobiliary health and disease is influenced by multiple factors including genetics, epigenetics, and the environment. Recently, multiple lines of evidence suggest that the microbiome also plays a central role in the initiation and/or progression of several liver diseases. Our current understanding of the dynamic interplay between microbes, microbial products and liver health and pathophysiology is incomplete. However, exciting insights are continually being made that support both a central role of the microbiome and a need for further interrogation of the microbes or microbe-associated molecules involved in the initiation and progression of select liver diseases.

scholarly journals The Gut Ecosystem: A Critical Player in Stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Delgado Jiménez ◽  
Corinne Benakis
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Improve Patient

AbstractThe intestinal microbiome is emerging as a critical factor in health and disease. The microbes, although spatially restricted to the gut, are communicating and modulating the function of distant organs such as the brain. Stroke and other neurological disorders are associated with a disrupted microbiota. In turn, stroke-induced dysbiosis has a major impact on the disease outcome by modulating the immune response. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in stroke, one of the most devastating brain disorders worldwide with very limited therapeutic options, and we discuss novel insights into the gut-immune-brain axis after an ischemic insult. Understanding the nature of the gut bacteria-brain crosstalk may lead to microbiome-based therapeutic approaches that can improve patient recovery.

scholarly journals Role of Oxidative Stress in Liver Health and Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Muriel ◽  
Karina R. Gordillo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Role of cAMP and phosphodiesterase signaling in liver health and disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banrida Wahlang ◽  
Craig McClain ◽  
Shirish Barve ◽  
Leila Gobejishvili
Keyword(s):  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease

Role of Toll-like receptors in liver health and disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Broering ◽  
Mengji Lu ◽  
Joerg F. Schlaak
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Molecular Patterns

TLRs (Toll-like receptors), as evolutionarily conserved germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, have a crucial role in early host defence by recognizing so-called PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and may serve as an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. In the liver, TLRs play an important role in the wound healing and regeneration processes, but they are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various inflammatory liver diseases, including autoimmune liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrogenesis, and chronic HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus) infection. Hepatitis viruses have developed different evading strategies to subvert the innate immune system. Thus recent studies have suggested that TLR-based therapies may represent a promising approach in the treatment in viral hepatitis. The present review focuses on the role of the local innate immune system, and TLRs in particular, in the liver.

scholarly journals The Gut-Liver Axis in Health and Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota-Derived Signals in Liver Injury and Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Zheng ◽  
Baohong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Pathophysiological Process ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Health And Disease

Diverse liver diseases undergo a similar pathophysiological process in which liver regeneration follows a liver injury. Given the important role of the gut-liver axis in health and diseases, the role of gut microbiota-derived signals in liver injury and regeneration has attracted much attention. It has been observed that the composition of gut microbiota dynamically changes in the process of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and gut microbiota modulation by antibiotics or probiotics affects both liver injury and regeneration. Mechanically, through the portal vein, the liver is constantly exposed to gut microbial components and metabolites, which have immense effects on the immunity and metabolism of the host. Emerging data demonstrate that gut-derived lipopolysaccharide, gut microbiota-associated bile acids, and other bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites, may play multifaceted roles in liver injury and regeneration. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the possible molecular mechanisms by which gut microbiota-derived signals modulate liver injury and regeneration, highlighting the potential roles of gut microbiota in the development of gut microbiota-based therapies to alleviate liver injury and promote liver regeneration.

scholarly journals Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2457-2467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle Rodriguez ◽  
Bernardo L. Trigatti ◽  
Chieko Mineo ◽  
Darcy Knaack ◽  
John T. Wilkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
High Density ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Professor Emeritus ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Oral Presentations

The HDL (high-density lipoprotein) Workshop was established in 2009 as a forum for candid discussions among academic basic scientists, clinical investigators, and industry researchers about the role of HDL in cardiovascular disease. This ninth HDL Workshop was held on May 16 to 17, 2019 in Boston, MA, and included outstanding oral presentations from established and emerging investigators. The Workshop featured 5 sessions with topics that tackled the role of HDL in the vasculature, its structural complexity, its role in health and disease states, and its interaction with the intestinal microbiome. The highlight of the program was awarding the Jack Oram Award to the distinguished professor emeritus G.S. Getz from the University of Chicago. The tenth HDL Workshop will be held on May 2020 in Chicago and will continue the focus on intellectually stimulating presentations by established and emerging investigators on novel roles of HDL in cardiovascular and noncardiovascular health and disease states.

Role of nuclear factor κB in liver health and disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 691-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. Robinson ◽  
Derek A. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Regulator ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Experimental Approaches

NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that is constitutively expressed in all cell types and has a central role as a transcriptional regulator in response to cellular stress. In the present review, we discuss the role of NF-κB signalling in the maintenance of liver homoeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of conditions affecting the liver, including viral hepatitis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Much of the current knowledge of NF-κB signalling in the liver relates to the canonical pathway, the IKK [IκB (inhibitor of κB) kinase] complex and the RelA subunit. We explore the weaknesses of the experimental approaches to date and suggest that further work is needed to investigate in detail the discreet functions of each of the Rel subunits in liver physiology and disease.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis in whole blood reveals increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loes M Olde Loohuis ◽  
Serghei Mangul ◽  
Anil PS Ori ◽  
Guillaume Jospin ◽  
David Koslicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Cd8 Memory T Cells ◽  
Schizophrenia Case

AbstractThe role of the human microbiome in health and disease is increasingly appreciated. We studied the composition of microbial communities present in blood across 192 individuals, including healthy controls and patients with three disorders affecting the brain: schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and bipolar disorder. By using high quality unmapped RNA sequencing reads as candidate microbial reads, we performed profiling of microbial transcripts detected in whole blood. We were able to detect a wide range of bacterial and archaeal phyla in blood. Interestingly, we observed an increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia patients compared to the three other groups. We replicated this finding in an independent schizophrenia case-control cohort. This increased diversity is inversely correlated with estimated cell abundance of a subpopulation of CD8+ memory T cells in healthy controls, supporting a link between microbial products found in blood, immunity and schizophrenia.

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