scholarly journals The Role of Dietary Experience in the Development of Eating Behavior during the First Years of Life

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Nicklaus
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Tube Feeding ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The Family

Infants are born equipped to ingest nutrients, but because of the transitions in the mode of feeding in the first years (from “tube” feeding in utero to eating table foods with the family), they have to learn how, what and how much to eat. Eating behavior established during early years may follow throughout childhood; therefore, it is fundamental to understand the most important drivers of the early development of eating behavior. Beyond the first flavor discoveries during the gestational and lactation periods (through the infant's exposure to flavors from foods of the mother's diet), the most important phases for learning food preferences and appetite control may be the beginning of complementary feeding (CF). Infants discover the sensory (texture, taste and flavor) and nutritional properties (energy density) of foods that will ultimately compose their adult diet. This brief review shows that several feeding practices influence the development of eating behavior: breastfeeding; repeating the presentation of a food, even if it seems initially disliked; introducing a variety of different foods rapidly in the CF process; offering foods in an appropriate way to make their sensory characteristics appealing to infants. More research is needed to understand in a combined way the effectiveness and long-term effect of these practices to promote healthy eating behaviors.

scholarly journals Pre-motor versus motor cerebral cortex neuromodulation for chronic neuropathic pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Lavrov ◽  
Timur Latypov ◽  
Elvira Mukhametova ◽  
Brian Lundstrom ◽  
Paola Sandroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Chronic Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex (ESCC) has been used to treat intractable neuropathic pain for nearly two decades, however, no standardized approach for this technique has been developed. In order to optimize targeting and validate the effect of ESCC before placing the permanent grid, we introduced initial assessment with trial stimulation, using a temporary grid of subdural electrodes. In this retrospective study we evaluate the role of electrode location on cerebral cortex in control of neuropathic pain and the role of trial stimulation in target-optimization for ESCC. Location of the temporary grid electrodes and location of permanent electrodes were evaluated in correlation with the long-term efficacy of ESCC. The results of this study demonstrate that the long-term effect of subdural pre-motor cortex stimulation is at least the same or higher compare to effect of subdural motor or combined pre-motor and motor cortex stimulation. These results also demonstrate that the initial trial stimulation helps to optimize permanent electrode positions in relation to the optimal functional target that is critical in cases when brain shift is expected. Proposed methodology and novel results open a new direction for development of neuromodulation techniques to control chronic neuropathic pain.

Leptin Functioning in Eating Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmiero Monteleone ◽  
Antonio DiLieto ◽  
Eloisa Castaldo ◽  
Mario Maj
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Abnormal Eating ◽  
The Brain

AbstractLeptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, which is involved predominantly in the long-term regulation of body weight and energy balance by acting as a hunger suppressant signal to the brain. Leptin is also involved in the modulation of reproduction, immune function, physical activity, and some endogenous endocrine axes. Since anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors, dysregulation of endogenous endocrine axes, alterations of reproductive and immune functions, and increased physical activity, extensive research has been carried out in the last decade in order to ascertain a role of this hormone in the pathophysiology of these syndromes. In this article, we review the available data on leptin physiology in patients with eating disorders. These data support the idea that leptin is not directly involved in the etiology of AN or BN. However, malnutrition-induced alterations in its physiology may contribute to the genesis and/or the maintenance of some clinical manifestations of AN and BN and may have an impact on the prognosis of AN.

scholarly journals Considering Nature and Nurture in the Etiology and Prevention of Picky Eating: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3409
Author(s):  
Meera D. Patel ◽  
Sharon M. Donovan ◽  
Soo-Yeun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Picky Eating ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nature And Nurture

Children are often categorized as picky eaters by parents and caregivers for their rejection of foods, such as vegetables, and for exhibiting other difficult mealtime behaviors. However, there are several factors that contribute to these mealtime behaviors, including early feeding practices (i.e., breastfeeding, introduction to solid food), repeated exposure to novel foods, and genetic taste sensitivity to certain compounds. Using the online database of PubMed, a review of the literature on the development of picky eating in children, its outcomes, and intervention strategies was conducted. This review groups the developmental contributors to picky eating into the categories of nature and nurture and explores the interaction between the two. This paper will also summarize the potential outcomes of picky eating and the various strategies that are currently recommended to mitigate picky eating in young children. However, there is a lack of longitudinal work targeting consistent picky eating behaviors that have the potential to impact long-term food preferences and dietary variety. Future intervention strategies should address the factors that influence the development of picky eating on an individual level.

The Things that Help, the Things that Get in the Way: Working Together to Improve Outcome Following Acquired Brain Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta M. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Acquired Brain Injury ◽  
Life Changes ◽  
Major Life ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working Together ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Working in neurological rehabilitation brings with it numerous opportunities to gain an understanding of the factors that contribute to shaping meaningful living and wellbeing for those tackling the major life changes encountered following acquired brain injury (ABI). These opportunities come in many forms: challenging and brave clients, wise and worrying families, questioning and inspiring colleagues, empowering and limiting work environments and rigid and advancing policy and legislative contexts.Our personal and collective understanding ofthe things that helpandthe things that get in the wayof effective rehabilitation continuously emerges from the convergence of the experience and knowledge afforded by these opportunities. The aim of this paper is to considerthe things that helpandthe things that get in the wayas they have been identified by people with ABI, their families and those who work with them and have been further evidenced through research targeted towards improving short, medium and long-term outcomes for those living with the consequences of ABI. Thesethingsas discussed in this paper capture the essential role of the self, the importance of rights and access to rehabilitation, the impact of the family and the contribution of social connection.

scholarly journals Ablation of the inferior olive prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 1630-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yang Chen ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Jonathan R. Wolpaw
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Simple Motor ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Cortical Inputs

We evaluated the role of the inferior olive (IO) in acquisition of the spinal cord plasticity that underlies H-reflex down-conditioning, a simple motor skill. The IO was chemically ablated before a 50-day exposure to an operant conditioning protocol that rewarded a smaller soleus H-reflex. In normal rats, down-conditioning succeeds (i.e., H-reflex size decreases at least 20%) in 80% of animals. Down-conditioning failed in every IO-ablated rat ( P < 0.001 vs. normal rats). IO ablation itself had no long-term effect on H-reflex size. These results indicate that the IO is essential for acquisition of a down-conditioned H-reflex. With previous data, they support the hypothesis that IO and cortical inputs to cerebellum enable the cerebellum to guide sensorimotor cortex plasticity that produces and maintains the spinal cord plasticity that underlies the down-conditioned H-reflex. They help to further define H-reflex conditioning as a model for understanding motor learning and as a new approach to enhancing functional recovery after trauma or disease.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT AND PARENTAL LIFESTYLES IN INFANT FEEDING BEHAVIOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-371
Author(s):  
Rafaela Ramos Dantas ◽  
Giselia Alves Pontes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Obesogenic Environment ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
The Family ◽  
Infant Feeding Behavior

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the role of the obesogenic environment and parental lifestyles in infant feeding behavior. Data sources: The searches were performed in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Lilacs and Scielo databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The descriptors used were found in the Medical Subject Headings and in the Descriptors in Health Sciences being these: Comportamento alimentar/Feeding Behavior/ Conducta Alimentaria; Crianças/Child/ Niño; Relações familiares/Family Relations/Relaciones Familiares; e Ecologia/ Ecology/ Ecología. These were combined by the Boolean operator AND. Data synthesis: Researchers consider that parents (orprimary caregivers) are responsible, in part, for the unhealthy eating behavior presented by children, and for them to change it is necessary to change the behavior of the family, ensuring the correct choice of food and the practice of physical activity. The family environment has a significant impact on the development of eating behavior, so adults should provide a good model of this behavior for children. Conclusions: It was verified through this review that, in order to maintain and develop a healthy eating behavior, it is necessary to reach different spheres of life of the individual - physical, social, psychological, family, cultural and mediatic environment.

scholarly journals Novel Astroviruses in Insectivorous Bats

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (18) ◽  
pp. 9107-9114 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. W. Chu ◽  
L. L. M. Poon ◽  
Y. Guan ◽  
J. S. M. Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Virus Detection ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Human Astroviruses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Apparently Healthy

ABSTRACT Bats are increasingly recognized to harbor a wide range of viruses, and in most instances these viruses appear to establish long-term persistence in these animals. They are the reservoir of a number of human zoonotic diseases including Nipah, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. We report the identification of novel groups of astroviruses in apparently healthy insectivorous bats found in Hong Kong, in particular, bats belonging to the genera Miniopterus and Myotis. Astroviruses are important causes of diarrhea in many animal species, including humans. Many of the bat astroviruses form distinct phylogenetic clusters in the genus Mamastrovirus within the family Astroviridae. Virus detection rates of 36% to 100% and 50% to 70% were found in Miniopterus magnater and Miniopterus pusillus bats, respectively, captured within a single bat habitat during four consecutive visits spanning 1 year. There was high genetic diversity of viruses in bats found within this single habitat. Some bat astroviruses may be phylogenetically related to human astroviruses, and further studies with a wider range of bat species in different geographic locations are warranted. These findings are likely to provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of astroviruses and reinforce the role of bats as a reservoir of viruses with potential to pose a zoonotic threat to human health.

scholarly journals Impact of Mothers Participation in a Nutrition Education Intervention on Their Children Eating Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 760-760
Author(s):  
Mashael Huwaikem ◽  
Adriana Campa
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Healthy Habits ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nutrition Education Program ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Objectives To determine whether mother's participation in a nutrition education program influence obese children's body weight and improving their health behavior. Additionally, this study evaluates changes in attitude toward food, and beliefs for children-mothers dyad participating in the Healthy Habits (HH) program. Methods Fourteen mothers were willing to participate in the intervention. The mother's intervention was offered to the mothers of children participating in the Healthy Habits group only. Mothers received “what's app” text messages and materials related to the nutrition education provided for all children in the Healthy Habits group during the 8-week period. Results After an 8-week intervention, children with maternal support showed significant (21% VS 100%, P.001), (45% VS 95%, P = 0.012) improvement in eating behavior and attitude compared with the other group in the intervention. Maternal eating behaviors, beliefs and attitudes were also significantly (12% VS 95%, P.001), (21% VS 82%, P.001) changed by their participation. Conclusions Maternal involvement in the Healthy Habits program showed positive effect on children eating behavior in addition to improvement in maternal behavior. Our findings suggest that actively involving mothers in programs to reduce childhood obesity, will magnify the potential effects of the program on children by changing the family dynamics and creating a supportive environment. Funding Sources N/A.

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