Insights into the Relationship of the Immune System with Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders

COVID-19 is a highly contagious virus that first appeared in China in December 2019. It has affected over 157 million people and killed over 3.2 million. The paper reviews the function of the immune system for COVID-19 prevention, depression, and anxiety due to COVID-19 and their effects on the immune system and the relationship of aging with the immune system and depression and anxiety. It has been found that several elderly people lack the coping mechanisms required to deal with the stress caused by COVID-19. Hence, identifying the factors and mechanisms that lead to this resilience will aid in the development of preventive measures for certain elderly people and groups with more severe mental health problems. Additionally, it would be beneficial to understand how technology could be leveraged to accomplish this goal. During the pandemic, various steps such as social isolation, quarantine, and self-isolation are needed to be implemented properly to slow the spread of the virus. Meanwhile, to help halt the pandemic, everybody must be vaccinated as soon as possible until any bans on social gatherings and social isolation can be removed, allowing other sectors such as schooling, social activities, and life to resume normalcy.

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Parasitic infection

10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0105 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Olabambo Ogunbambi ◽

Yusuf I. Patel

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

The World ◽

Musculoskeletal Manifestations ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Global Travel

Parasitic infections remain prevalent, particularly in the developing world. However, increasing global travel poses a risk of contracting parasitic infections while travelling through endemic areas and therefore all medical practitioners should remain aware of parasitic infections and investigate for them when appropriate. Increased understanding of the relationship of parasites with the immune system has led to some progress with therapeutics but this still lags behind other infectious diseases. In this chapter we outline the musculoskeletal manifestations of parasitic infection and updated therapeutic approaches to these infections. The burden of disease may change with increasing use of potent biologic immunosuppressants and global travel, as seen in HIV-related immunosuppression, but as yet no significant increased incidence of parasitic infection has been reported within 'rheumatic diseases' cohorts around the world.

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The Relationship of Menstrually Related Mood Disorders to Psychiatric Disorders

Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology ◽

10.1097/00003081-198706000-00019 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 386-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Peter P. Roy-Byrne ◽

M Christine Hoban ◽

David R. Rubinow

Keyword(s):

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Mood Disorders ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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Maternal Prenatal Microbiome and Infant’s Immune System at the Origins of the Development of Health and Disease

ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. ◽

10.18502/espoch.v1i6.9656 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Iván Enrique Naranjo Logroño ◽

Leslie Gricel Cuzco Macías ◽

Alison Tamara Ruiz Chico ◽

Anthony Alfonso Naranjo Coronel

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

First Year ◽

El Sistema ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Land Surfaces ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Introduction: The human microbiome refers to the presence of microorganisms that live with its host. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the maternal perinatal microbiome and the development of the infant’s immune system, at the origins of the development of health and disease. Methodology: A non-systematic bibliographic review was carried out, including those controlled and randomized clinical trials focused on the relationship of the prenatal maternal microbiome and the infant’s immune system. And all those works whose approach was different from the topic raised were excluded. Discussion: 20 min after birth, the microbiome of newborns by vaginal delivery resembles the microbiota of their mother’s vagina, while those born by caesarean section house microbial communities that are usually found in human skin. The acquisition of the microbiome continues during the first years of life, with a microbiome of the baby’s gastrointestinal tract beginning to resemble that of an adult from the first year of life. Conclusion: Bacteria are microorganisms that have managed to colonize the vast majority of land surfaces, showing great adaptability. The human being is not indifferent, and hypotheses have been raised that affirm his participation in the development of health and the onset of the disease. Keywords: microbiota, inmune system, infant nutritional physiological phenomena. RESUMEN Introducción: El microbioma humano se refiere a la presencia de microorganismos que conviven con su hospedero. Objetivo: Analizar la relación existente entre el microbioma materno perinatal y el desarrollo del sistema inmune del lactante, en los orígenes del desarrollo de la salud y enfermedad. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática, donde se incluyeron aquellos ensayos clínicos controlados y randomizados enfocados en la relación del microbioma materno prenatal y el sistema inmune del lactante. Y se excluyeron todos aquellos trabajos cuyo enfoque fue diferente al tema planteado. Resultados: Se encontraron 61 fuentes bibliográficas, de las cuales se incluyeron 53 artículos que contenían la información relacionada al tema y publicados en los últimos 11 años. Discusión: 20 min después del nacimiento, el microbioma de los recién nacidos por parto vaginal se asemeja a la microbiota de la vagina de su madre, mientras que los nacidos por cesárea albergan comunidades microbianas que generalmente se encuentran en la piel humana. La adquisición del microbioma continúa durante los primeros años de vida, con un el microbioma del tracto gastrointestinal del bebé comienza a parecerse al de un adulto desde el primer año de vida. Conclusiones: Las bacterias, son microorganismos que han logrado colonizar la gran mayoría de las superficies terrestres, mostrando una gran capacidad de adaptación. El ser humano, no es indiferente, y se han planteado hipótesis que aseveran su participación en el desarrollo de la salud e inicio de la enfermedad. Palabras clave: microbiota, sistema inmunológico, fenómenos fisiológicos nutricionales del lactante.

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Impact of the Relationship of Stress and the Immune System in the Appearance of Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-160903 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 899-903 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jose Enrique de la Rubia Ortí ◽

Sandra Sancho Castillo ◽

Maria Benlloch ◽

Mariano Julián Rochina ◽

Silvia Corchón Arreche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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Immune abnormalities across psychiatric disorders: clinical relevance

BJPsych Advances ◽

10.1192/apt.bp.114.012872 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 150-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Valeria Mondelli ◽

Paola Dazzan ◽

Carmine M. Pariante

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Immune System ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Brain Functioning ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Pathophysiological Role ◽

Central Nervous Systems ◽

New Treatment ◽

The Relationship

SummaryIt is well established that the immune system can modulate brain functioning and influence behavioural processes. Awareness of communication between the immune and nervous systems has, over the years, progressively heightened interest in the relationship between psychiatric disorders and immune function. By reviewing findings from studies investigating inflammation in the periphery and in the central nervous systems, we summarise here the evidence linking inflammation to the development of depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We discuss how a pathophysiological role for inflammation has now been recognised across different psychiatric disorders, at least in a significant subpopulation of patients. Finally, we discuss a possible role for these findings in the development of future diagnostic classifications of psychiatric disorders as well as of new treatment strategies.

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Toxicology and the Immune System: a Perspective

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/096032719101000614 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 445-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

I. Kimber

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Short Article ◽

Comprehensive Account ◽

System A ◽

Recent Meeting ◽

Remedial Work ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The relationship of immunology to toxicology has not always been an easy one, and the product of this association, immunotoxicology, has not infrequently been viewed with a certain scepticism by some of those who consider themselves 'classical' toxicologists. A recent meeting of the British Toxicology Society ('Toxicology and the Immune System', New College Oxford, March 21-22, 1991) provided an opportunity for some remedial work toward a wider appreciation of the issues which exercise immunotoxicologists, and the ways in which they are being addressed. It is not the purpose of this short article to provide a comprehensive account of the scientific presentations, but rather to give a perspective, necessarily a personal one, of immunotoxicology in the context of the meeting.

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Hemorrhagic Transformation in Ischemic Stroke and the Role of Inflammation

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2021.661955 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Spronk ◽

Gina Sykes ◽

Sarina Falcione ◽

Danielle Munsterman ◽

Twinkle Joy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Immune System ◽

Reperfusion Therapy ◽

Hemorrhagic Transformation ◽

Stroke Severity ◽

Mortality Factors ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication in patients with acute ischemic stroke. It occurs when peripheral blood extravasates across a disrupted blood brain barrier (BBB) into the brain following ischemic stroke. Preventing HT is important as it worsens stroke outcome and increases mortality. Factors associated with increased risk of HT include stroke severity, reperfusion therapy (thrombolysis and thrombectomy), hypertension, hyperglycemia, and age. Inflammation and the immune system are important contributors to BBB disruption and HT and are associated with many of the risk factors for HT. In this review, we present the relationship of inflammation and immune activation to HT in the context of reperfusion therapy, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and age. Differences in inflammatory pathways relating to HT are discussed. The role of inflammation to stratify the risk of HT and therapies targeting the immune system to reduce the risk of HT are presented.

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