scholarly journals Forecasting and communication key elements for low-cost fluvial flooding early warning system in urban areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 4143
Author(s):  
Melisa Acosta-Coll ◽  
Andres Solano-Escorcia ◽  
Lilia Ortega-Gonzalez ◽  
Ronald Zamora-Musa
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Communication Protocols ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Difference

Fluvial flooding occurs when a river overspills its banks due to excessive rainfall, and it is the most common flood event. In urban areas, the increment of urbanization makes communities more susceptible to fluvial flooding since the excess of impervious surfaces reduced the natural permeable areas. As flood prevention strategies, early warning systems (EWS) are used to reduce damage and protect people, but key elements need to be selected. This manuscript proposes the monitoring instruments, communication protocols, and media to forecast and disseminate EWS alerts efficiently during fluvial floods in urban areas. First, we conducted a systematic review of different EWS architectures for fluvial floods in urban areas and identified that not all projects monitor the most important variables related to the formation of fluvial floods and most use communication protocols with high-energy consumption. ZigBee and LoRaWAN are the communication protocols with lower power consumption from the review, and to determine which technology has better performance in urban areas, two wireless sensor networks were deployed and simulated in two urban areas susceptible to fluvial floods using Radio Mobile software. The results showed that although Zigbee technology has better-received signal strength, the difference with LoRAWAN is lower than 2 dBm, but LoRaWAN has a better signal-to-noise ratio, power consumption, coverage, and deployment cost.

Community Based Flash Flood Early Warning System: a Low-cost Technology for Nepalese Mountains

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Basanta Raj Adhikari ◽  
Nagendra Raj Sitoula
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensor ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Processing Unit

Every year, flood impose substantial economic, social and environmental cost on Nepalese community through direct damage to residential, commercial, educational and structures. Moreover, the flood destroys animal farm, commercial stock and records and other content of the building and pollutes the water. Early Warning Systems are important to save such lives and properties which involves computer, satellite data and high accurate operating system but this system is very costly in terms of installation as well as operation and maintenance leading to hindrance in the sustainability of the system. However, high-tech technology is very expensive and not feasible in Nepal and therefore low-cost and easy operating system is needed in the rural parts of Nepal. The system includes Solar panel, Siren, Ultrasonic sensor, processing unit, and battery. The ultrasonic sensor sense water level and the siren will automatically start. The threshold can be set up according to the space and time. Bulletin of Department of Geology, vol. 20-21, 2018, pp: 87-92

scholarly journals Flood disaster indicator of water level monitoring system

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Haszerila Wan Hassan ◽  
Aiman Zakwan Jidin ◽  
Siti Asma Che Aziz ◽  
Norain Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Short Message ◽  
Alert Message ◽  
Message Service

The early warning systems for flood management have been developed rapidly with the growth of technologies. These system help to alert people early with the used of Short Message Service (SMS) via Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). This paper presents a simple, portable and low cost of early warning system using Arduino board, which is used to control the whole system and GSM shields to send the data. System has been designed and implemented based on two components which is hardware and software. The model determines the water level using float switch sensors, then it analyzes the collected data and determine the type of danger present. The detected level is translated into an alert message and sent to the user. The GSM network is used to connect the overall system units via SMS.

scholarly journals Investigation of Critical Geotechnical, Petrological and Mineralogical Parameters for Landslides in Deeply Weathered Dunite Rock (Medellín, Colombia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11141
Author(s):  
Tamara Breuninger ◽  
Bettina Menschik ◽  
Agnes Demharter ◽  
Moritz Gamperl ◽  
Kurosch Thuro
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Landslide Early Warning

The current study site of the project Inform@Risk is located at a landslide prone area at the eastern slopes of the city of Medellín, Colombia, which are composed of the deeply weathered Medellín Dunite, an ultramafic Triassic rock. The dunite rock mass can be characterized by small-scale changes, which influence the landslide exposition to a major extent. Due to the main aim of the project, to establish a low-cost landslide early warning system (EWS) in this area, detailed field studies, drillings, laboratory and mineralogical tests were conducted. The results suggest that the dunite rock mass shows a high degree of serpentinization and is heavily weathered up to 50 m depth. The rock is permeated by pseudokarst, which was already found in other regions of this unit. Within the actual project, a hypothesis has for the first time been established, explaining the generation of the pseudokarst features caused by weathering and dissolution processes. These parameters result in a highly inhomogeneous rock mass and nearly no direct correlation of weathering with depth. In addition, the theory of a secondary, weathering serpentinization was established, explaining the solution weathering creating the pseudokarst structures. This contribution aims to emphasize the role of detailed geological data evaluation in the context of hazard analysis as an indispensable data basis for landslide early warning systems.

Design and Simulation of MEMS Accelerometer for the Application of Seismic vibrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Srinivasa Rao ◽  
M. Harsha Vardhan ◽  
CH. Mani Kanta Uma Mahesh ◽  
S. Nikhil ◽  
P. Ashok Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Acceleration Sensor ◽  
Disaster Reduction ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Acceleration Sensors ◽  
Seismic Vibrations

Aim: Using accelerometer to detect the vibrations produced during earthquake. Backgorund: The big challenge facing the Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS) is to accurately detect seismic tremors at the edge of the early warning system or outside of the earthquake seismic system.[1]. During the last years in development, early warning earthquake (EEW) has proved to be one of the potential means of disaster reduction. Objectives: During the last years in development, early warning earthquake (EEW) has proved to be one of the potential means of disaster reduction. The EEW network intensity usually determines the efficiency of both the EEW system An upgraded low-cost Micro Electro Mechanical System MEMS based device called GL-P2B to reduce sensor costs and establish a dense EEW In the this study, a dense EEW network was also developed to maximize the density of the seismic network for EEW applications. A tri-axial sensor with high-dynamic MEMS called GL-P2B was developed. This sensor was upgraded from the previous version by enhancing the CPU's processing capability and correcting certain errors found during the initial test cycle. Methodology: An autonomous sensor with an acceleration sensor is launched in this article First; we systematically evaluated a series of acceleration sensors to select the most suitable acceleration sensor using mems by analyzing their quality and accuracy, and then created a dedicated tool that can monitor earthquakes. Our result shows that an earthquake can be detected with a low-cost acceleration detector, thereby enhancing the safety of vulnerable groups against earthquakes. Results: There have been two earthquakes recently: Gyeongju Earthquake in magnitude 5.6 and Pohang South Korea Earthquake in magnitude 5.4 respectively in 206 and 2017. As a result, earthquake detection and response in a relatively short period of time was highly demanded. The use of seismic smart phone systems is one solution, but it is expensive to use a smartphone to track seismic events and to allow participants to use their smartphones as just another seismic detector. However, because of the existence of smartphones which are used extensively in our everyday lives, a large percentage of smartphones are useless for earthquakes to be detected. We also built a clever tool in this paper that can be mounted to a wall or to a ceiling. The system is only fitted with sensors that include an accelerator and the price in comparison to intelligent telephones is very small. Conclusion: In this paper, we have used an appropriate capacitive sensing technology to create the accelerometer. We have designed and simulated the accelerometer to measure the seismic vibrations by FEM Tool. The simulated results show that the unit is modelled on a 3Hz resonant frequency and therefore it senses the acceleration between 2 and 8 Hz.

scholarly journals MIDAS: A New Integrated Flood Early Warning System for the Miño River

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fernández-Nóvoa ◽  
Orlando García-Feal ◽  
José González-Cao ◽  
Carlos de Gonzalo ◽  
José Antonio Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Flood Alert ◽  
The Impact

Early warning systems have become an essential tool to mitigate the impact of river floods, whose frequency and magnitude have increased during the last few decades as a consequence of climate change. In this context, the Miño River Flood Alert System (MIDAS) early warning system has been developed for the Miño River (Galicia, NW Spain), whose flood events have historically caused severe damage in urban areas and are expected to increase in intensity in the next decades. MIDAS is integrated by a hydrologic (HEC-HMS) and a hydraulic (Iber+) model using precipitation forecast as input data. The system runs automatically and is governed by a set of Python scripts. When any hazard is detected, an alert is issued by the system, including detailed hazards maps, to help decision makers to take precise and effective mitigation measures. Statistical analysis supports the accuracy of hydrologic and hydraulic modules implemented to forecast river flow and flooded critical areas during the analyzed period of time, including some of the most extreme events registered in the Miño River. In fact, MIDAS has proven to be capable of predicting most of the alert situations occurred during the study period, showing its capability to anticipate risk situations.

scholarly journals Real-Time Early Warning System Design for Pluvial Flash Floods—A Review

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 2255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa Acosta-Coll ◽  
Francisco Ballester-Merelo ◽  
Marcos Martinez-Peiró ◽  
Emiro De la Hoz-Franco
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Work Production ◽  
Water Accumulation

Pluvial flash floods in urban areas are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate change and human actions, negatively impacting the life, work, production and infrastructure of a population. Pluvial flooding occurs when intense rainfall overflows the limits of urban drainage and water accumulation causes hazardous flash floods. Although flash floods are hard to predict given their rapid formation, Early Warning Systems (EWS) are used to minimize casualties. We performed a systematic review to define the basic structure of an EWS for rain flash floods. The structure of the review is as follows: first, Section 2 describes the most important factors that affect the intensity of pluvial flash floods during rainfall events. Section 3 defines the key elements and actors involved in an effective EWS. Section 4 reviews different EWS architectures for pluvial flash floods implemented worldwide. It was identified that the reviewed projects did not follow guidelines to design early warning systems, neglecting important aspects that must be taken into account in their implementation. Therefore, this manuscript proposes a basic structure for an effective EWS for pluvial flash floods that guarantees the forecasting process and alerts dissemination during rainfall events.

An Urban Air Pollution Early Warning System Based on PM2.5 Prediction Applied in Ploiesti City

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-863
Author(s):  
Mihaela Oprea ◽  
Marius Olteanu ◽  
Radu Teodor Ianache
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Prediction Approach

Fine particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 �m (i.e. PM2.5) is an air pollutant of special concern for urban areas due to its potential significant negative effects on human health, especially on children and elderly people. In order to reduce these effects, new tools based on PM2.5 monitoring infrastructures tailored to specific urban regions are needed by the local and regional environmental management systems for the provision of an expert support to decision makers in air quality planning for cities and also, to inform in real time the vulnerable population when PM2.5 related air pollution episodes occur. The paper focuses on urban air pollution early warning based on PM2.5 prediction. It describes the methodology used, the prediction approach, and the experimental system developed under the ROKIDAIR project for the analysis of PM2.5 air pollution level, health impact assessment and early warning of sensitive people in the Ploiesti city. The PM2.5 concentration evolution prediction is correlated with PM2.5 air pollution and health effects analysis, and the final result is processed by the ROKIDAIR Early Warning System (EWS) and sent as a message to the affected population via email or SMS. ROKIDAIR EWS is included in the ROKIDAIR decision support system.

scholarly journals Brief communication "Landslide Early Warning System: toolbox and general concepts"

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Intrieri ◽  
G. Gigli ◽  
N. Casagli ◽  
F. Nadim
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
End Users ◽  
Flow Chart ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Landslide Early Warning

Abstract. We define landslide Early Warning Systems and present practical guidelines to assist end-users with limited experience in the design of landslide Early Warning Systems (EWSs). In particular, two flow chart-based tools coming from the results of the SafeLand project (7th Framework Program) have been created to make them as simple and general as possible and in compliance with a variety of landslide types and settings at single slope scale. We point out that it is not possible to cover all the real landslide early warning situations that might occur, therefore it will be necessary for end-users to adapt the procedure to local peculiarities of the locations where the landslide EWS will be operated.

scholarly journals Communication architecture of an early warning system

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2215-2228 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Angermann ◽  
M. Guenther ◽  
K. Wendlandt
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Communication Links

Abstract. This article discusses aspects of communication architecture for early warning systems (EWS) in general and gives details of the specific communication architecture of an early warning system against tsunamis. While its sensors are the "eyes and ears" of a warning system and enable the system to sense physical effects, its communication links and terminals are its "nerves and mouth" which transport measurements and estimates within the system and eventually warnings towards the affected population. Designing the communication architecture of an EWS against tsunamis is particularly challenging. Its sensors are typically very heterogeneous and spread several thousand kilometers apart. They are often located in remote areas and belong to different organizations. Similarly, the geographic spread of the potentially affected population is wide. Moreover, a failure to deliver a warning has fatal consequences. Yet, the communication infrastructure is likely to be affected by the disaster itself. Based on an analysis of the criticality, vulnerability and availability of communication means, we describe the design and implementation of a communication system that employs both terrestrial and satellite communication links. We believe that many of the issues we encountered during our work in the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System, Rudloff et al., 2009) on the design and implementation communication architecture are also relevant for other types of warning systems. With this article, we intend to share our insights and lessons learned.

scholarly journals Observed decreases in on-road CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in Beijing during COVID-19 restrictions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 4599-4614
Author(s):  
Di Liu ◽  
Wanqi Sun ◽  
Ning Zeng ◽  
Pengfei Han ◽  
Bo Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Local Standard ◽  
Transportation Emissions ◽  
Enhancement Method ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, restrictions such as “lockdowns” were conducted globally, which led to a significant reduction in fossil fuel emissions, especially in urban areas. However, CO2 concentrations in urban areas are affected by many factors, such as weather, biological sinks and background CO2 fluctuations. Thus, it is difficult to directly observe the CO2 reductions from sparse ground observations. Here, we focus on urban ground transportation emissions, which were dramatically affected by the restrictions, to determine the reduction signals. We conducted six series of on-road CO2 observations in Beijing using mobile platforms before (BC), during (DC) and after (AC) the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions. To reduce the impacts of weather conditions and background fluctuations, we analyze vehicle trips with the most similar weather conditions possible and calculated the enhancement metric, which is the difference between the on-road CO2 concentration and the “urban background” CO2 concentration measured at the tower of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results showed that the DC CO2 enhancement was decreased by 41 (±1.3) parts per million (ppm) and 26 (±6.2) ppm compared to those for the BC and AC trips, respectively. Detailed analysis showed that, during COVID-19 restrictions, there was no difference between weekdays and weekends during working hours (09:00–17:00 local standard time; LST). The enhancements during rush hours (07:00–09:00 and 17:00–20:00 LST) were almost twice those during working hours, indicating that emissions during rush hours were much higher. For DC and BC, the enhancement reductions during rush hours were much larger than those during working hours. Our findings showed a clear CO2 concentration decrease during COVID-19 restrictions, which is consistent with the CO2 emissions reductions due to the pandemic. The enhancement method used in this study is an effective method to reduce the impacts of weather and background fluctuations. Low-cost sensors, which are inexpensive and convenient, could play an important role in further on-road and other urban observations.

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