Greenhouse gas assessment of Brazilian soybean production and postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from crop residues decomposition

AbstractGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers and lakes have been shown to significantly contribute to global carbon and nitrogen cycling. In spatiotemporal-variable and human-impacted rivers in the grassland region, simultaneous carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions and their relationships under the different land use types are poorly documented. This research estimated greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) emissions in the Xilin River of Inner Mongolia of China using direct measurements from 18 field campaigns under seven land use type (such as swamp, sand land, grassland, pond, reservoir, lake, waste water) conducted in 2018. The results showed that CO2 emissions were higher in June and August, mainly affected by pH and DO. Emissions of CH4 and N2O were higher in October, which were influenced by TN and TP. According to global warming potential, CO2 emissions accounted for 63.35% of the three GHG emissions, and CH4 and N2O emissions accounted for 35.98% and 0.66% in the Xilin river, respectively. Under the influence of different degrees of human-impact, the amount of CO2 emissions in the sand land type was very high, however, CH4 emissions and N2O emissions were very high in the artificial pond and the wastewater, respectively. For natural river, the greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir and sand land were both low. The Xilin river was observed to be a source of carbon dioxide and methane, and the lake was a sink for nitrous oxide.

Download Full-text

Effects of strategic tillage on short-term erosion, nutrient loss in runoff and greenhouse gas emissions

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr16136 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 201 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A. R. Melland ◽

D. L. Antille ◽

Y. P. Dang

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Heavy Rainfall ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Nutrient Loss ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Nutrient Losses ◽

Short Term ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Occasional strategic tillage (ST) of long-term no-tillage (NT) soil to help control weeds may increase the risk of water, erosion and nutrient losses in runoff and of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared with NT soil. The present study examined the short-term effect of ST on runoff and GHG emissions in NT soils under controlled-traffic farming regimes. A rainfall simulator was used to generate runoff from heavy rainfall (70mmh–1) on small plots of NT and ST on a Vertosol, Dermosol and Sodosol. Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from the Vertosol and Sodosol were measured before and after the rain using passive chambers. On the Sodosol and Dermosol there was 30% and 70% more runoff, respectively, from ST plots than from NT plots, however, volumes were similar between tillage treatments on the Vertosol. Erosion was highest after ST on the Sodosol (8.3tha–1 suspended sediment) and there were no treatment differences on the other soils. Total nitrogen (N) loads in runoff followed a similar pattern, with 10.2kgha–1 in runoff from the ST treatment on the Sodosol. Total phosphorus loads were higher after ST than NT on both the Sodosol (3.1 and 0.9kgha–1, respectively) and the Dermosol (1.0 and 0.3kgha–1, respectively). Dissolved nutrient forms comprised less than 13% of total losses. Nitrous oxide emissions were low from both NT and ST in these low-input systems. However, ST decreased CH4 absorption from both soils and almost doubled CO2 emissions from the Sodosol. Strategic tillage may increase the susceptibility of Sodosols and Dermosols to water, sediment and nutrient losses in runoff after heavy rainfall. The trade-offs between weed control, erosion and GHG emissions should be considered as part of any tillage strategy.

Download Full-text

Toward Modeling of Nitrous Oxide Emissions Following Precipitation, Urine, and Feces Deposition on Beef Cattle Feedyard Surfaces

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.13847 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 1371-1384

Author(s):

David B. Parker ◽

Kenneth D. Casey ◽

Kristin E. Hales ◽

Heidi M. Waldrip ◽

Byeng Min ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Empirical Modeling ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

List Type ◽

Equivalent Mass ◽

Fresh Feces ◽

Feces Deposition

HighlightsNitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas emitted from feedyard pen surfaces.Experiments were conducted to quantify nitrous oxide emissions from precipitation, urine, and feces.Nitrous oxide emissions from urine were about 30% of those from equal amounts of precipitation.Regression equations were developed for empirical modeling of emissions.Abstract. The amount of moisture deposited annually as urine (~320 mm) and feces (~95 mm) on typical semi-arid Texas beef cattle feedyard pens is considerable compared to the regional 470 mm mean annual precipitation. Precipitation is a primary factor affecting nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from manure, but specific effects of urine and feces deposition are unknown. The objectives of this research were to (1) quantify N2O emissions following precipitation, urine, and feces deposition on a dry feedyard manure surface, and (2) develop equations for future empirical modeling of these emissions. Four experiments (Exp.) were conducted using recirculating flux chambers to quantify N2O emissions. Exp. 1 had treatments (TRT) of water (W), artificial urine (AU), and two urines collected from beef cattle fed high-quality forage (FU) or corn-based concentrate (CU). Exp. 2 had TRT of W, AU, and two feces levels (Fx1 and Fx2). In Exp. 3, N2O emissions were quantified from fresh feces pats. In Exp. 4, the effect of rainfall pH on N2O emissions was evaluated. Results from Exp. 1 showed that the W TRT had the highest mean cumulative N2O emission, while AU, FU, and CU ranged from 31.0% to 70.0% of W on an equal volume-applied basis. There was little correlation between N2O emissions and urine or water nitrogen (N) content. In Exp. 2, W again had the highest cumulative N2O. Cumulative N2O emissions expressed per unit of water added were 29.0, 3.8, 4.5, and 5.1 mg N kg-1 water added for W, AU, Fx1, and Fx2, respectively. In Exp. 3, fresh feces pats emitted no direct N2O, but N2O originated from the dry manure beneath the feces pat due to wetting. In Exp. 4, the highest N2O emissions occurred at pH 5 and pH 8, with lower emissions at pH 6 and pH 7. This research has shown that the addition of moisture to the pen surface from urine and feces contributes considerably to N2O emissions as compared to precipitation alone. The following recommendations were developed for future empirical modeling purposes: (1) N2O emissions from urine should be calculated as 32.7% of those emissions from the equivalent mass deposition of water, and (2) N2O emissions resulting from the mass of water in feces should be calculated as 15.6% of those emissions from the equivalent mass deposition of water. Keywords: Beef cattle, Greenhouse gas, Manure, Nitrous oxide, Urine, Precipitation.

Download Full-text

Crop residues contribute minimally to spring-thaw nitrous oxide emissions under contrasting tillage and crop rotations

Soil Biology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 152 ◽

pp. 108057

Author(s):

Pedro Vitor Ferrari Machado ◽

Richard E. Farrell ◽

Gordon Bell ◽

Caio J. Taveira ◽

Katelyn A. Congreves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Download Full-text

The use of agricultural soils as a source of nitrous oxide emission in selected communes of Poland

Bulletin of Geography Physical Geography Series ◽

10.1515/bgeo-2017-0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 39-49

Author(s):

Paweł Wiśniewski ◽

Mariusz Kistowski

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Organic Soils ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Carbon Economy

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse gases, with a nearly 300 times greater potential to produce a greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost 80% of the annual emissions of this gas in Poland come from agriculture, and its main source is the use of agricultural soils. The study attempted to estimate the N2O emission from agricultural soils and to indicate its share in the total greenhouse gas emissions in 48 Polish communes. For this purpose, a simplified solution has been proposed which can be successfully applied by local government areas in order to assess nitrous oxide emissions, as well as to monitor the impact of actions undertaken to limit them. The estimated emission was compared with the results of the baseline greenhouse gas inventory prepared for the needs of the low-carbon economy plans adopted by the studied self-governments. This allowed us to determine the share of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the total greenhouse gas emissions of the studied communes. The annual N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the studied communes range from 1.21 Mg N2O-N to 93.28 Mg N2O-N, and the cultivation of organic soils is its main source. The use of mineral and natural fertilisers, as well as indirect emissions from nitrogen leaching into groundwater and surface waters, are also significant. The results confirm the need to include greenhouse gas emissions from the use of agricultural soils and other agricultural sources in low-carbon economy plans.

Download Full-text

Production Profile of Farms and Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14164904 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (16) ◽

pp. 4904

Author(s):

Zofia Koloszko-Chomentowska ◽

Leszek Sieczko ◽

Roman Trochimczuk

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Value Added ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Farm Income ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Field Crops ◽

The Relationship ◽

Net Value Added

The negative impact of agricultural production on the environment is manifested, above all, in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). The goals of this study were to estimate methane and nitrous oxide emissions at the level of individual farms and indicate differences in emissions depending on the type of production, and to investigate dependencies between greenhouse gas emissions and economic indicators. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions were estimated at three types of farms in Poland, based on FADN data: field crops, milk, and mixed. Data were from 2004–2018. Statistical analysis confirmed the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and economic performance. On milk farms, the value of methane and nitrous oxide emissions increased with increased net value added and farm income. Milk farms reached the highest land productivity and the highest level of income per 1 ha of farmland. On field crops farms, the relationship between net value added and farm income and methane and nitrous oxide emissions was negative. Animals remain a strong determinant of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and the emissions at milk farms were the highest. On mixed farms, emissions result from intensive livestock and crop production. In farms of the field crops type, emissions were the lowest and mainly concerned crops.

Download Full-text

Improved Chamber Systems for Rapid, Real-Time Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure and Soil

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.12151 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 1235-1258 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David B. Parker ◽

Kenneth D. Casey ◽

Richard W. Todd ◽

Heidi M. Waldrip ◽

Gary M. Marek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Real Time ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Chamber System ◽

Flux Chamber ◽

Total N ◽

Recirculating Flow ◽

Flux Measurements ◽

Flow Through

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission rates have traditionally been measured using non-flow-through (NFT), non-steady-state (NSS) chambers, which rely on measuring the increase in N2O concentration in the sealed chamber headspace over time. These flux measurements are very labor- and time-intensive, requiring three to four gas samples collected over a 30 to 60 min period, followed by laboratory N2O measurement with a gas chromatograph (GC) and subsequent flux rate calculation. The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate improved, real-time flux chamber designs that rapidly quantify N2O emissions from manure and soil. The first chamber system consisted of six square 0.95 m2 chamber pans. The chamber pans were mounted on a rail system to facilitate controlled indoor/outdoor laboratory research at a pilot scale. An aluminum lid was moved among the chamber pans. A second portable chamber system with a circular footprint (0.49 m internal dia.) was designed for use in field measurements. With both systems, N2O concentrations were measured each second with 0.1 ppb resolution by recirculating sample air through a real-time continuous N2O analyzer with return flow into the recirculating-flow-through (RFT-NSS) chamber. Performance and observational data are presented for different chamber vent designs, sealing mechanisms between the chamber pan and lid, recirculation pumps, and presence/absence of an internal fan that mixes headspace air within the sealed chamber. As examples of the repeatability and precision of the methodology, ten consecutive flux measurements were obtained using moist manure (32.6% wet basis water content, WCWB) within a 15 min period in which chamber pans were fitted with lids for 60 s and removed for 30 s. The mean calculated N2O flux was 43.08 ±0.89 mg N2O m-2 h-1. Using dry manure (WCWB = 10.8%), five consecutive flux measurements showed a very low, but consistent, flux that averaged 0.025 ±0.0016 mg N2O m-2 h-1. Five case study experiments demonstrate the usefulness of these chamber systems and highlight discoveries and lessons learned to enhance future research efforts. Major discoveries and observations include: (1) installation of a small internal fan within the chamber lids decreased N2O fluctuation over small time periods, allowing precise measurement of manure N2O fluxes as low as 0.0073 mg N2O m-2 h-1 during a 60 s measurement period; (2) two distinct N2O peaks were observed at 1 and 21 d following the addition of water to manure (initial WCWB = 32.6%), with the second peak accounting for 83% of the total N2O emitted over 45 d; and (3) there was notable diurnal variation in N2O fluxes due to temperature variation, even when the manure was dry (WCWB = 10.8%). These flux chamber systems proved to be more rapid, precise, and repeatable than traditional flux chamber methods and offer promise for future greenhouse gas emissions research on manure and soil. Keywords: Cattle, Chamber, Diurnal, Fan, Feedlot, Greenhouse gas, Manure, Precision.

Download Full-text

Multi-site Sensitivity analysis of DNDCv.Can model to predict N2O emissions from German croplands with maize, rapeseed and wheat

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-16306 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jarno Rouhiainen ◽

Dorothee Neukam ◽

Rene Dechow ◽

Rima Rabah Nasser ◽

Henning Kage

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Model Parameters ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Data Set ◽

Process Based Models

<div> <div> <div> <p>Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas. In Germany, around 50% of annual nitrous oxide emissions originate from managed agricultural land. Among other options, the mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions from arable land is one important measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the agricultural sector. Several mitigation options have been examined including reduced application of nitrogen fertilizers, timing of fertilizer applications, crop residue management, pH management or application of nitrification inhibitors. Depending on the underlying natural conditions (soil, climate), these measures vary in their mitigation efficiency.</p> <p>Suitable methods are required to evaluate and quantify mitigation strategies for nitrous oxide emissions at a regional and national scale. For this purpose, several model approaches have been developed ranging from simple stochastic equations to sophisticated process-based models. Because of their reduced input requirements, stochastic approaches like emission factor approaches are common to quantify nitrous oxide emissions and mitigation effects while process based models are promising tools to describe interactions of natural conditions and anthropogenic activities. They have the potential to be more accurate and informative.</p> <p>However, due to the complex nature of N2O producing processes in croplands and the high spatial and temporal variability of N2O fluxes the portability of model developments from one site to another site or the validity of upscaling methods are questionable. We collected available field experimental data measuring nitrous oxide emissions to improve and analyze the prediction accuracy of model approaches in Germany, recently with data of 19 sites and 1251 site years in total and focus on the crop types wheat, maize and rape.</p> <p>Here, we present this data set and show results of model applications and a multi-site sensitivity analyses with the process based model DNDCv.Can. Contrary to other DNDC versions, DNDCvCAN allows to modify a range of internal parameters.</p> <p>We performed sensitivity analyses based on the Morris method by varying 45 model parameters. Each participating site was modeled for a three years period and the simulations were repeated for each parameter 500 times, resulting to 23000 simulations per site. Highest impact on N2O emissions were caused by soil concentrations of humads, humus and black carbon and their related C/N ratios. Surprisingly, N2O emissions showed only minor sensitivites in general on hydrological parameters and</p> </div> </div> </div><div> <div> <div> <p>on parameters related to N cycling in soil profile. Parameters controling macropore flow, nitrifier growth and denitrifier growth made here an exception. Sets of ranked most sensitive parameters varied between sites showing that multi-site sensitivity analyses might be helpful to identify global and local parameters for model calibration and help to assess regional mitigation effects.</p> </div> </div> </div>

Download Full-text

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from an Open-Lot Beef Cattle Feedyard in Texas

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.13396 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 1173-1183

Author(s):

David B. Parker ◽

Kenneth D. Casey ◽

Heidi M. Waldrip ◽

Byeng R. Min ◽

Bryan L. Woodbury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Field Research ◽

Background Level ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Flux Chamber ◽

Arithmetic Means

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global warming potential much greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2). Nitrous oxide is emitted from the manure-covered pen surfaces of open-lot beef cattle feedyards, and more than six million beef cattle are fed in the Southern Great Plains. A field research project was conducted to determine the temporal and spatial variability of N2O emissions from the pen surfaces of a commercial feedyard before and after simulated rainfall. Two week-long monitoring cycles were conducted in April and August 2018 in the Texas Panhandle. Temporal variability was assessed using six continuous automated flux chambers per pen, and spatial variability was assessed using a portable chamber at up to 61 locations in a single pen. Diurnal fluxes varied 5-fold to 10-fold over a 24 h period. Flux varied seasonally, with arithmetic means of 0.56 mg N2O-N m-2 h-1 in April and 3.21 mg N2O-N m-2 h-1 in August. Fluxes measured spatially across the pen surface over a 2 h period at midday were lognormally distributed, with April geometric and arithmetic means of -0.81 and 0.80 mg N2O-N m-2 h-1, respectively, and August geometric and arithmetic means of 0.095 and 2.6 mg N2O-N m-2 h-1, respectively. Fluxes peaked shortly after simulated rainfall. Arithmetic mean N2O-N flux for the 2 d after rainfall increased over the background level by 4.6-fold in April and 1.7-fold in August. Manure properties measured at the time of flux measurement were poorly correlated with N2O emissions and were of little value for predicting N2O emissions, which confirmed that further work is warranted on the biochemistry of feedyard manure. The results of this field research will help refine models for predicting N2O emissions from open-lot beef cattle feedyards and help to develop effective mitigation methods to conserve feedyard N. Keywords: Beef cattle, Flux chamber, Greenhouse gas, Manure, Nitrous oxide, Rainfall.

Download Full-text