scholarly journals Discourse markers in English and European Portuguese translations: establishing functional equivalents and types of omission

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-121
Author(s):  
Milana Andreevna Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Original Language ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Target Languages

Based on the translations of a bidirectional English-Portuguese parallel corpus, this paper examines some English discourse markers (henceforth ‘DMs’, such as well, you know, I mean). The goal is twofold: firstly, the analysis of the translations establishes functional equivalents of the English DMs in European Portuguese, thus complementing the existing studies on translation of DMs in parallel corpus. Secondly and most importantly, this paper aims to approach the phenomenon of DMs omission frequently observed in translations from the empirical, rather than theoretical point of view. In particular, the study focuses on omission of DMs in the target languages. The corpus analysis resulted in the identification of three most common types of omission: DM deletion (i.e. a common DM deletion or omission in the target language), partial DM deletion (i.e. when one of the two DMs in the original language drops, resulting in translation of only one of them in the target language), DM addition (i.e. when there is no DM in the original language, but the translator has added it).

Appositive relativization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Relative Pronoun ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Internal Head

Chapter 4 investigates the dissimilar behavior of appositive relative clauses introduced by the complex relative pronoun o qual in Contemporary European Portuguese and earlier stages of Portuguese. From a descriptive point of view, eight contrasting properties are identified, relative to: (1) additional internal head; (2) extraposition; (3) pied-piping; (4) clausal antecedents; (5) split antecedents; (6) coordination of the wh-pronoun with another DP; (7) illocutionary force; and (8) the presence of a coordinator. From a theoretical point of view, it is argued that the same structural analysis cannot alone derive the contrasting properties of appositive relativization. To account for the variation found in the diachronic and cross-linguistic dimensions, it is claimed that appositive relatives might involve two different structures: specifying coordination and head raising.

Politeness Strategies and Second Language Acquisition

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigenori Tanaka ◽  
Saiki Kawade
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Nonnative Speakers Of English

The two studies reported here investigated the notion ofpolitenessas perceived by native speakers of English and advanced learners of English. The questions which concerned us included: (1) Are native speakers of English really aware of the varying degree of politeness conveyed by a given English sentence?; (2) Is there a high correlation between native speakers of English and advanced learners of English in their politeness judgements?; (3) Do native speakers of English really use different politeness strategies in different situations?; (4) Is there a high correlation between native and nonnative speakers of English in the use of politeness strategies? From a theoretical point of view, Study I was concerned with Lakoff's (1973b) claim that politeness increases with decreasing imposition; Study II was concerned with the distance-politeness hypothesis which predicts that one will use polite strategies in situations where he perceives himself as psychological and/or socially distant from his addresee. From a pedagogical point of view, the comparison of the two studies here suggested that the learner's ability ofjudgingpoliteness in the target language does not necessarily mean that he canusepoliteness strategies appropriately in actual communication situations.

scholarly journals DISCOURSE AND LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RMA INTRODUCTION SECTIONS – A BULGARIAN-ENGLISH COMPARATIVE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1697-1700
Author(s):  
Ivaylo Dagnev ◽  
Mariya Saykova ◽  
Maya Yaneva
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Reflexive Verbs ◽  
General Topic

The article seeks to explore the discourse and linguistic means through which the Introduction section of Research Medical Articles (RMA) achieve their goals. For that purpose, we have analyzed 207 original RMA in Bulgarian and 129 in English. The articles have been excerpted from prestigious Bulgarian and high-ranking impact factor English language journals. Four major rhetorical moves have been found to guide the discourse flow in the Introduction sections in both corpora – Bulgarian Corps (BC) and English-language Corps (EC). These are: Move 1 - Introducing the general topic; Move 2: Move 2 – Transition to specific topic; Move 3: Move 3 – Identifying a gap and Move 4 – Aim of research. In connection with the realization of the rhetorical objectives of the Introduction section, basic lexical means have been identified and presented. We used the concept metaterm introduced by Mavrodieva and Tisheva (Mavrodieva and Tisheva 2014). We divided the metaterms into general and specific. It has been proven that a certain type of polysemous nouns are of particular importance in the medical context and can therefore be considered as specific metaterms. In both corpora, a number of variable and unchangeable parts of speech have been discovered that are typical of the RMA. Essential to the cohesion and coherence of texts are the so-called high-frequency words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, collocations and colligations. Regarding Tense and Voice, it has been pointed out that in line with the tradition of the Bulgarian scientific discourse community, the main tense is the so-called Generalized Present Tense (Uslozhneno segashno vreme), whereas in the English-language Corps these are Present Simple and Present Perfect. As for Voice, the BC articles make use mostly of Active Voice, while Passive Voice is used to refer to problems in focus and with impersonal constructions. A peculiar feature of scientific texts in Bulgarian is the use of reflexive verbs with the particle se. The specificity of the sentence structure in the Introduction includes the so-called in Bulgarian linguistics “complicated simple sentences”, including many pre and post modifiers, heavy complementation, as well as compound and complex sentences. Some of the most important discursive elements of this section of RMA are also analyzed. The comparison is direct between the two corpora, and the elements under scrutiny cover such aspects of discourse as hedging and, discourse markers (DM). With regard to the first element, hedging, from a theoretical point of view, it is important to emphasize that hedge structures are a form of the author's Ethos and identity, its degree of presence in the text. We have noted the role of DM as linking devices in the text, marking the boundaries of Steps and Moves in the RMA and indicating a change in the information flow and in the authors’ stance.

A comparable comparison? A corpus stylistic analysis of the Italian translation of Julian Barnes’Il Senso di una Fineand the original textThe Sense of an Ending

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Helen Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Italian Translation ◽  
Julian Barnes ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Stylistic Elements

Foregrounding (e.g. Leech, 1965, 1985; Leech and Short, 1981), whereby certain linguistic elements in literary works differ consistently and systematically (Mukařovský, 1958: 44) from norms represented by a particular benchmark, has often been measured using corpus stylistic methods (e.g. Mahlberg, 2013; Stubbs, 2005). While most such studies have focused on works in their original language, this study compares the translation with the original text. More specifically, I explore the stylistic elements identified in Julian Barnes’ novel The Sense of an Ending in both the original and its Italian translation. The study applies notions of tertiary or internal deviation (Leech, 1985) in order to explore to what extent an analysis of keywords and key clusters in Part One compared with Part Two of the target text concurs with the results of the same process in the source text. Corpus stylistic methods were used to identify ‘good bets’ (Leech, 2008: 164) which were then subjected to qualitative analysis. Findings suggest that elements identified as being frequent in Part One of the source text, such as a predominance of ‘uncertain impressionistic perceptions’ (Shepherd and Berber Sardinha, 2013), and an emphasis on first person narration in Part Two, did not play such an important role in the target text, where other elements such as time references and discourse markers of explanation emerged instead. The article concludes that discrepancies between a stylistic description of source and target texts might be due to translating strategies as well as target language conventions.

scholarly journals Discourse Markers and Modal Expressions in Speakers with and without Asperger Syndrome: A Pragmatic-perceptive Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Asperger Syndrome ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
New Framework

From a theoretical point of view, this paper offers a new framework for the analysis of discourse markers: a pragmatic-perceptive model that emphasizes the point of the communication process in which such particles become more relevant. Furthermore, this approach tries to give an account of the modal expressions (attenuators and intensifiers) that speakers use in oral speech. The quotients of absolute and relative frequency with regard to the use of textual, interactive and enunciative markers – focused on the message, the addressee and the addresser respectively – are compared in two samples of 20 subjects with typical development and other 20 with Asperger syndrome. The general results of this research suggest that these latter speakers display a suitable command of textual markers, whereas they overexploit the enunciative ones in conversation.

scholarly journals The discourse markers indeed, in fact, really and actually and their Spanish equivalents in economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Francisco Alonso Almeida ◽  
Francisco J. Álvarez-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Parallel Corpus

<span lang="EN-GB">This article explores the translation procedures followed in the rendering of the adverbials <em>indeed</em>, <em>in fact</em>, <em>really</em> and <em>actually</em> in a parallel corpus of English texts and their Spanish counterparts in the field of economy. While the adverbials mentioned are all categorized as boosters according to Hyland’s classification of metadiscourse markers (2005) in the source corpus, their Spanish correspondents may fall within other such metadiscourse categories as attitude and hedging markers, for example. The study of these variants contributes to our understanding of the processes involved in the translation of these markers, which seem to correspond to an intention of the translators to provide adequate translated versions so that these texts read as naturally in the target language as possible. Our methodology of inquiry involves corpus linguistics tools in order to interrogate a parallel corpus and retrieve cases of the adverbials <em>indeed, in fact, really </em>and <em>actually</em>. Our approach to discourse markers includes Schiffrin (1987), Fraser (1996), Jucker &amp; Ziv (1998), Aijmer (2002), and especially Buysse (2012), Ghezzi (2014), Carrió-Pastor (2016a, 2016b), and Furkó (2020). Our notion of metadiscourse follows Hyland (2005) from where we have also taken the taxonomy of metadiscourse markers used in the analysis of data to classify findings.  The identification and the classification of the translation procedures rely on Cruz-García (2014). Conclusions report on the most frequent translations procedures and the commonest Spanish forms used to translate the adverbial analysed, including their metadiscourse functions.</span>

Extraposition of restrictive relative clauses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Restrictive Relative Clauses ◽  
Restrictive Relatives ◽  
Definiteness Effect

Chapter 3 deals with the extraposition of restrictive relative clauses. It demonstrates that different languages and different stages of the same language may differ with respect to the three main properties of extraposition: definiteness effect; extraposition from pre-verbal positions; and extraposition from prepositional phrases. The main descriptive findings are: (1) that earlier stages of Portuguese contrast sharply with Contemporary European Portuguese with respect to the extraposition of restrictive relative clauses; and (2) the extraposition of restrictive relatives in earlier stages of Portuguese is, to a large extent, Germanic-like, unlike Contemporary European Portuguese. From a theoretical point of view, it is argued that the same structural analysis cannot alone derive the contrasting properties of restrictive relative clause extraposition. To account for the variation found in the diachronic and cross-linguistic dimensions, it is claimed that the extraposition of restrictive relatives might involve two different structures: specifying coordination plus ellipsis and VP-internal stranding.

Timber Auctions in the Context of the Modern Auction Theory

2007 ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
A. Manakov
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Auction Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
English Auction ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation

The article provides theoretical analysis and evaluation of the timber auctions reforms in Russia. The author shows that the mechanism of the "combined auctions", which functioned until recently, is more appropriate from the theoretical point of view (and from the point of view of the Russian practice) as compared to the officially approved format of the English auction.

A novel cryptosystem based on abstract automata and Latin cubes

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Pál Dömösi ◽  
Géza Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Block Cipher ◽  
Finite Automata ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Encryption And Decryption ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Automata Network ◽  
Fully Functioning

In this paper we introduce a novel block cipher based on the composition of abstract finite automata and Latin cubes. For information encryption and decryption the apparatus uses the same secret keys, which consist of key-automata based on composition of abstract finite automata such that the transition matrices of the component automata form Latin cubes. The aim of the paper is to show the essence of our algorithms not only for specialists working in compositions of abstract automata but also for all researchers interested in cryptosystems. Therefore, automata theoretical background of our results is not emphasized. The introduced cryptosystem is important also from a theoretical point of view, because it is the first fully functioning block cipher based on automata network.

Graffiti als Version und Subversion–Praxen kultureller Re-Regulierung und die Möglichkeit von Gratiforschung

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Dollinger
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Wird Eine ◽  
Multiple Perspectives

Der Beitrag geht von Versuchen aus, integrative Perspektiven einer überaus heterogenen Graffitiforschung zu bestimmen. In Auseinandersetzung insbesondere mit Bruno Latours Ansatz des »Iconoclash« wird eine kulturtheoretische Referenz bestimmt, die Graffiti als Version identifiziert, d. h. als semiotisch orientierte Veränderung räumlich situierter Ordnungs- und Regulierungspraxen. Ihnen kann, wenn auch nicht zwingend, eine subversive Qualität zukommen. Durch die Ausrichtung am Konzept einer Version wird beansprucht, Forderungen einer normativ weitgehend abstinenten, nicht-essentialistischen und für komplexe Fragen der Identitäts- und Raumpolitik offenen Forschungspraxis einzulösen.<br><br>The contribution attempts to integrate multiple perspectives of current largely heterogeneous graffiti scholarship. Referring to Bruno Latour’s concept »iconoclash«, we discuss graffiti from a cultural-theoretical point of view as a »version«. It appears as a semiotically oriented modification of spatially situated practices that regulate social life. Often, but not necessarily, these practices involve subversive qualities. The concept of »version« facilitates a non-normative and non-essentialist strategy of research. This enables an explorative research practice in which the complex matters of identity and space politics that are associated with graffiti can be addressed.

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