scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics shape two passive defensive mechanisms in Neotropical snake radiations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Alexandro Marques Tozetti ◽  
Sergio Augusto Abrahão Morato ◽  
Renato Silveira Bérnils ◽  
Daniel Loebmann ◽  
Luís Felipe Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Defensive Mechanisms ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Balling Behavior

We mapped the distribution of two defensive behaviors (balling and head hiding) of Neotropical snakes to evaluate its distribution in distinct phylogenetic groups. Balling behavior was observed in 58 out of the 167 examined species across seven families. Head hiding was observed in a total of 100 species across nine families. From the high prevalence of balling behavior in basal groups of snakes, such as Anomalepididae, Boidae, Leptotyphlopidae, Tropidophiidae, and Typhlopidae, and the low prevalence among species of recent diversification radiations, such as Elapidae and Viperidae, we suggest that this behavior evolved in basal groups and persisted in some derived taxa. Balling was not observed in association with other defensive strategies, while head hiding can occur in combination with caudal elevation, caudal vibration, and body flattening. Therefore, head hiding, in contrast to balling behavior, presents itself as putatively more flexible, as it should allow for an escalated degree of defensive displays.

scholarly journals Changes in contraception use among Brazilian women after childbirth, 2006-2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Felisbino-Mendes ◽  
B Barrozo Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Unified Health System ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract Introduction There are gaps in knowledge regarding the neglected and vulnerable subgroups of FP actions in Brazil, such as postpartum women and women in general, regardless of their marital status. Objective To assess changes in the prevalence of use and in the contraceptive pattern of Brazilian women up to two years after pregnancy, between 2006 and 2013. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study which used secondary data from national surveys. We studied Brazilian women with up to 2 years postpartum, of reproductive age, sexually active, non-pregnant and menstruating, and compared them with all the other women. We estimated the prevalence of use, contraception pattern of contraception and ranking of modern methods. Percentual change in indicators between the years was evaluated by calculating the difference between estimates. Results 85% of Brazilian women used CM, remaining stable in 2006 and 2013, with a high prevalence of modern methods use. An increase in the use of CM was observed among those with up to six months postpartum (71.0% to 89.0%). Pills and condoms accounted for about 60% of modern methods used in the postpartum period in both surveys. There was an increase in dual protection (2.9% to 10.1%) and contraceptive insecurity (1.6% to 5.7%) and a reduction in sterilization (16.2% to 13.4%) and traditional methods (2.1% to 1.4%). Conclusions Even with the maintenance of a high prevalence of use of CM and with the increase in contraception among women with up to six months postpartum, regional inequalities in access to CM and low prevalence of the use of other methods made available by the Unified Health System (SUS) persist, pointing out the maintenance of the insufficient care, failures in the means to regulate fertility and that public policies still hinder to guarantee the sexual and reproductive rights of the most vulnerable population. Key messages Regional inequalities in access to contraceptive methods and low prevalence of other methods made available by the Unified Health System (SUS) persist. There was an increase in contraception use among women with up to six months postpartum in Brazil.

scholarly journals Low Prevalence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) but High Prevalence of Pneumocystis dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) Gene Mutations in HIV-Infected Persons in Uganda

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e49991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve M. Taylor ◽  
Steven R. Meshnick ◽  
William Worodria ◽  
Alfred Andama ◽  
Adithya Cattamanchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Dihydropteroate Synthase ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Dhps Gene ◽  
Low Prevalence

scholarly journals Prevalence of ColE1-Like Plasmids and Colicin K Production among Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains and Quantification of Inhibitory Activity of Colicin K

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1029-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matija Rijavec ◽  
Maruška Budič ◽  
Peter Mrak ◽  
Manica M�ller-Premru ◽  
Zdravko Podlesek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Mosaic Structure ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Prevalence

ABSTRACT Colicin K exhibited pronounced inhibitory activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains. Low prevalence of colicin K production and a relatively high prevalence of ColE1-like plasmids were determined among 215 UPEC strains from Slovenia. Sequencing of the colicin K-encoding pColK-K235 revealed a mosaic structure and the presence of the insertion sequence IS2.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Mental Health Outcomes in the United States and Italy at Different Levels of Cumulative COVID-19 Prevalence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D Mancini ◽  
Gabriele Prati
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
General Distress ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Different Levels

How does the prevalence of COVID-19 impact people’s mental health? In a preregistered study (N = 857), we sought to answer this question by comparing demographically matched samples in four regions in the United States and Italy with different levels of cumulative COVID-19 prevalence. No main effect of prevalence emerged. Rather, prevalence region had opposite effects, depending on the country. New York City participants (high prevalence) reported more general distress, PTSD symptoms, and COVID-19 worry than San Francisco (low prevalence). Conversely, Campania participants (low prevalence) reported more general distress, PTSD symptoms, and COVID-19 worry than Lombardy (high prevalence). Consistent with these patterns, COVID-19 worry was more strongly linked with general distress and PTSD symptoms in New York than San Francisco, whereas COVID-19 worry was more strongly linked with PTSD in Campania than Lombardy. In exploratory analyses, media exposure predicted and mapped on to geographic variation in mental health outcomes.

Radiographs of 366 removed limb lengthening nails reveal differences in bone abnormalities between different nail types

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Iobst ◽  
Markus Winther Frost ◽  
Jan Duedal Rölfing ◽  
Ole Rahbek ◽  
Anirejuoritse Bafor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Limb Lengthening ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Nail Insertion ◽  
Radiological Changes ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Nail Removal ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Bone Abnormalities

Aims Limb lengthening nails have largely replaced external fixation in limb lengthening and reconstructive surgery. However, the adverse events and high prevalence of radiological changes recently noted with the STRYDE lengthening nail have raised concerns about the use of internal lengthening nails. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of radiological bone abnormalities between STRYDE, PRECICE, and FITBONE nails prior to nail removal. Methods This was a retrospective case series from three centres. Patients were included if they had either of the three limb lengthening nails (STYDE, PRECICE, or FITBONE) removed. Standard orthogonal radiographs immediately prior to nail removal were examined for bone abnormalities at the junction of the telescoping nail parts. Results In total, 306 patients (168 male, 138 female) had 366 limb lengthening nails removed. The mean time from nail insertion to radiological evaluation was 434 days (36 to 3,015). Overall, 77% of STRYDE nails (20/26) had bone abnormalities at the interface compared with only 2% of FITBONE (4/242) and 1% of PRECICE nails (1/98; p < 0.001). Focal osteolysis in conjunction with periosteal reaction at the telescoping interface was only observed in STRYDE nails. Conclusion Bone abnormalities at the interface of telescoping nail parts were seen in the majority of STRYDE nails, but only very rarely with FITBONE or PRECICE nails. We conclude that the low prevalence of radiological changes at the junctional interface of 242 FITBONE and 98 PRECICE nails at the time of nail removal does not warrant clinical concerns.

Nutritional Profile of Oncology Patients from an Outpatient Nutritional Service in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
Vanessa Batista Pigioni ◽  
◽  
Camila Sanches Manca ◽  
Paula Garcia Chiarello ◽  
Juliana Maria Faccioli Sicchieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Tumor Staging ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Tumor Site ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Nutrition Service ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Low Prevalence

Objective To characterize the nutritional variables of patients referred to an outpatient oncology nutrition service. Methods The electronic medical records of patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasms were analyzed for several parameters: weight loss, body mass index (BMI), hand-grip strength (HGS), fat-free mass index (FFMI) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP). Statistical methods included Pearson’s correlation (significance was set at P ≤ 0.05). Results There was a high prevalence of malnutrition (44%, n = 28) and sarcopenia (61%, n = 23) and a relatively low prevalence of cachexia (13%, n = 6). Moderate positive correlations were observed between the tumor site and CRP level, correlation r = 0.328 (P = 0.026); the tumor site and BMI (r = 0, P = 0.001); FFMI and BMI (r = 0.606, P = 4.334056e-005) and CRP and weight loss (r = 0.355, P = 0.024). There were negative correlations between the tumor staging and BMI r = -0.409, P = 0.001) and weight loss and FFMI (r = -0.467, P = 3,228325e-004). Conclusion These preliminary findings may help institutions implement nutritional approaches, such as the adoption of a line-ofcare focused on nutrition in the department of oncology.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of CTX-M Type Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes and Detection of NDM-1 Carbapenemase Gene in Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Cuba

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Dianelys Quiñones ◽  
Meiji Soe Aung ◽  
Yenisel Carmona ◽  
María Karla González ◽  
Niurka Pereda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Phylogenetic Group ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Single Locus Variant ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
High Prevalence

Increase of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) showing resistance to beta-lactams is a major public health concern. This study was conducted as a first molecular epidemiological study on ExPEC in Cuba, regarding prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase genes. A total of 306 ExPEC isolates collected in medical institutions in 16 regions in Cuba (2014–2018) were analyzed for their genotypes and presence of genes encoding ESBL, carbapenemase, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants by PCR and sequencing. The most common phylogenetic group of ExPEC was B2 (49%), followed by D (23%), A (21%), and B1 (7%). Among ESBL genes detected, blaCTX-M was the most common and detected in 61% of ExPEC, with blaCTX-M-15 being dominant and distributed to all the phylogenetic groups. NDM-1 type carbapenemase gene was identified in two isolates of phylogenetic group B1-ST448. Phylogenetic group B2 ExPEC belonged to mostly ST131 (or its single-locus variant) with O25b allele, harboring blaCTX-M-27, and included an isolate of emerging type ST1193. aac (6’)-Ib-cr was the most prevalent PMQR gene (40.5%), being present in 54.5% of CTX-M-positive isolates. These results indicated high prevalence of CTX-M genes and the emergence of NDM-1 gene among recent ExPEC in Cuba, depicting an alarming situation.

Evaluating how licensing-law strategies will impact disparities in tobacco retailer density: a simulation in Ohio

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055622
Author(s):  
Peter F Craigmile ◽  
Nathaniel Onnen ◽  
Elli Schwartz ◽  
Allison Glasser ◽  
Megan E Roberts
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
School Based ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Tobacco Control Effort ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Risk Communities

ObjectivesTo assess tobacco licensing-law strategies (eg, restricting the sale of tobacco near schools, banning the sale of tobacco in pharmacies) in terms of the equity of their impact and ability to correct existing disparities in tobacco retailer density.MethodsWe geocoded all 11 392 tobacco retailers in Ohio, categorised neighbourhoods based on their demographic characteristics and calculated current disparities in tobacco retailer density. We next simulated the four main types of licensing-law strategies (capping-based, declustering-based, school-based and pharmacy-based), as well as strategy combinations. Finally, using statistical methods that account for residual spatial dependence, we evaluated how each strategy would impact density disparities.FindingsThe most impactful licensing-law strategy depended on the type of community. School-based reductions were equitable for low-income, African–American and urban neighbourhoods (eg, eliminating retailers from 1000 feet of all schools produced a 9.2% reduction in the log retailer rate for neighbourhoods with a low prevalence of African–Americans and a 17.7% reduction for neighbourhoods with a high prevalence of African–Americans). Conversely, capping-based reductions were equitable for rural neighbourhoods. Pharmacy-based reductions demonstrated inequitable impacts.ConclusionLicensing-law strategies could be a central tobacco control effort that benefits both the overall population and vulnerable communities. Policymakers will need to consider their community’s characteristics when selecting licensing-law strategies to correct (rather than inadvertently widen) density disparities. But when matched with the appropriate strategy, high-risk communities could remove over 20% of their tobacco retailers.

Late diagnosis of HIV: A lookback on cases in North Cumbria

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1124-1126
Author(s):  
B Khalifeh ◽  
M Phillips ◽  
E Barton
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Unexplained Weight Loss ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Single Figure ◽  
Rural Catchment

Late diagnosis of HIV remains a threat to personal and public health – both increasing the morbidity and mortality of the person and also increasing the chance of unknowingly transmitting HIV. Many HIV testing initiatives, including those of the British HIV Association (BHIVA), focus on levels of high prevalence (greater than 2:1000). However, late diagnosis can be an issue in areas of low prevalence – areas which can be less densely populated and in some cases classified as rural. In our rural catchment area, late diagnosis is an issue with 67% diagnosed late in 2015 (which is skewed by the single figure diagnoses). This lookback examined the number of missed opportunities for HIV diagnosis over a seven-year period and found that where diagnoses were made late in the context of a person having previously presented for care, unexplained weight loss, blood dyscrasias and lymphadenopathy were the most common presentations that could have triggered a HIV test.

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