Abstract P060: Major Dietary Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence for Causal Effects and Effect Sizes

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahab Khatibzadeh ◽  
Renata Micha ◽  
Ashkan Afshin ◽  
Mayuree Rao ◽  
Mohammad Y Yakoob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Dietary Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Diet habits contribute to development of CVD and diabetes. Estimating the impact of diet on these diseases requires identification and quantification of causal effects of dietary factors. Objectives: To assess major dietary risk factors for CVD and diabetes, evaluate current evidence for causal effects, and identify the best unbiased effect estimates on risk. Methods: For multiple dietary risk factors, we evaluated WHO and similar criteria as part of the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study to assess probable or convincing evidence for causal effects, including consistency, dose-response, plausibility, and temporality. We performed systematic searches of online databases from 2008 to 2011, including hand-searches of references and author contacts, to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of well-designed observational or interventional studies. Meta-analyses were evaluated based on number of studies, design, definition of diet factors and outcomes, sample size, number of events, length of follow-up, statistical methods, evidence of bias, and control for confounders. Meta-analyses with largest numbers of studies and events and least evidence for bias were identified. Effect sizes and uncertainty were quantified per defined units of exposure, including pooling of categorical dose-response estimates using fixed-effects generalized least squares for trend estimation (GLST). Results: We identified 15 dietary risk factors having probable or convincing evidence of causal effects on CVD or diabetes. For 13, data were identified to provide the best pooled unbiased effect size on disease (Table). Conclusions: This systematic evaluation provides the best evidence-based quantitative estimates of the effects of major dietary factors on CVD and diabetes. These findings enable estimation of quantitative impacts on diseases burdens of suboptimal intakes of these factors in specific populations, and also highlight gaps in knowledge related to causality or effect sizes of other dietary factors.

Abstract P279: Major Dietary Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease: Current Evidence for Causal Effects and Effect Sizes From the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2015 Study

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masha L Shulkin ◽  
Renata Micha ◽  
Mayuree Rao ◽  
Gitanjali M Singh ◽  
Dariush Mozaffarian
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Global Burden Of Diseases ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Burden Of Diseases

Background: Dietary habits are major contributors to cardiometabolic diseases. Estimating the impact of diet on these conditions requires identification and quantification of evidence for causal effects. Objectives: To comprehensively evaluate the current evidence and quantify the effects of major dietary factors on CHD, stroke, and diabetes as part of the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2015 study. Methods: We assessed probable or convincing evidence for causal effects based on Bradford-Hill, World Health Organization, and WCRF/AICR criteria. We searched PubMed through April 2015 to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of well-designed observational studies and clinical trials. Meta-analyses were evaluated and selected based on design, number of studies and events, definition of dietary exposure and disease outcomes, length of follow-up, statistical methods, evidence of bias, and control for confounders. Effect sizes and uncertainty were quantified per standardized units. We focused on dose-response meta-analyses. When necessary, original data were extracted from individual studies within each meta-analysis to perform de novo dose-response meta-analyses using generalized least squares for trend estimation. Results: We identified 11 dietary factors with probable or convincing evidence for causal effects on CHD, 4 on stroke, and 7 on diabetes. ( Table ). Examples of other factors not yet meeting probable or convincing evidence for causal effects included coffee and tea (consistent dose-response, yet plausible biology not well-established), eggs, and dietary cholesterol. Conclusion: This evaluation provides the best current evidence-based quantitative estimates of effects of major dietary factors on CHD, stroke, and diabetes. These findings enable quantitative estimation of disease burdens of suboptimal diet in the US and globally, and also inform policy planning and priorities.

scholarly journals Contribution of specific dietary factors to CHD in US females

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nga Tran ◽  
Leila Barraj
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Dietary Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate dietary cholesterol contribution to CHD risk among US females, relative to other dietary risk factors.DesignA risk apportionment model was applied to apportion CHD risk shares among the lifestyle and dietary risk factors.SettingThe model was implemented using relative risks from the Nurses’ Health Study and data on CHD risk factors and consumption from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002.SubjectsUS females aged 25 years or older.ResultsOn average, poor diet contributes 20 % of the CHD risk relative to obesity, inactivity and smoking, of which trans fat intake contributes 2·9 %, dietary cholesterol 1·5 % and 16 % is due to low consumption of nutrients, i.e. MUFA (1·5 %), PUFA (1·7 %), marine n-3 fatty acids (2·7 %), α-linolenic acid (1·1 %), dietary fibre (2·4 %), vitamin B6 (4·1 %), vitamin C (0·5 %) and folate (1·8 %).ConclusionsReducing trans fat and dietary cholesterol intakes could lead to CHD reduction, but greater risk reduction may be achieved by improving intakes of heart-healthy nutrients currently deficient in US females’ diets. Total diet consideration is essential in any CHD risk reduction strategy.

scholarly journals Dietary Risk-Related Colorectal Cancer Burden: Estimates From 1990 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujiao Deng ◽  
Bajin Wei ◽  
Zhen Zhai ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Jia Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
Dietary Factor ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Dietary Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Life Years

Background: Colorectal cancer remains a public health problem worldwide. Dietary risk factors play a key role in the carcinogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. This study aimed to explore the geographical and temporal trends in various dietary factor-related colorectal cancers.Methods: Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, including the deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), age-standardized rate (ASR), and summary exposure value (SEV) among 4 world regions, 11 age groups, 21 regions, and 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to evaluate the variation trend of ASR.Results: Dietary factors were the leading cause of colorectal cancer death and DALY rate, regardless of age. Dietary factor-related deaths and DALYs accounted for 32 and 34% of global colorectal cancer, respectively. Further analysis showed that low whole grain intake remained the leading cause of cancer death and DALY rate, followed by milk and calcium. Diets that were low in whole grains, milk, and calcium accounted for 81.61% of deaths and 81.64% of DALYs. Deaths and DALYs of dietary factors related to colorectal cancer grew by half from 1990 to 2019. All ASRs remained higher for men than women. Asia carried the highest colorectal cancer burden attributed to dietary risks, especially for East Asia [age-standardized death rate (ASDR): EAPC = 1.15, 95% CI:0.88–1.42; DALY: EAPC = 1.08, 95% CI:0.82–1.34]. The heavy burden also existed in high-middle and middle socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles. China has always had the highest deaths and DALYs of colorectal cancer attributable to dietary risks, followed by the USA, India, and Japan.Conclusions: Large variations existed in the dietary risk-related colorectal cancer burdens among sexes, regions, and countries. More targeted interventions to address modifiable dietary risk factors would save 32% of deaths and 34% of DALYs for colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Metabolic Abnormalities, Dietary Risk Factors and Nutritional Management in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Emanuele D’Amico ◽  
Giuseppe Grosso ◽  
Jeri W. Nieves ◽  
Aurora Zanghì ◽  
Pam Factor-Litvak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Dietary Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, leading to a relentless paralysis of skeletal muscles and eventual respiratory failure. Although a small percentage of patients may have a longer survival time (up to 10 years), in most cases, the median survival time is from 20 to 48 months. The pathogenesis and risk factors for ALS are still unclear: among the various aspects taken into consideration, metabolic abnormalities and nutritional factors have been the focus of recent interests. Although there are no consistent findings regarding prior type-2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and ALS incidence, abnormalities in lipid and glucose metabolism may be linked to disease progression, leading to a relatively longer survival (probably as a result of counteract malnutrition and cachexia in the advanced stages of the disease). Among potential dietary risk factors, a higher risk of ALS has been associated with an increased intake of glutamate, while the consumption of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, such as vitamin E, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and carotenoids, has been related to lower incidence. Poor nutritional status and weight loss in ALS resulting from poor oral intake, progressive muscle atrophy, and the potential hypermetabolic state have been associated with rapid disease progression. It seems important to routinely perform a nutritional assessment of ALS patients at the earliest referral: weight maintenance (if adequate) or gain (if underweight) is suggested from the scientific literature; evidence of improved diet quality (in terms of nutrients and limits for pro-inflammatory dietary factors) and glucose and lipid control is yet to be confirmed, but it is advised. Further research is warranted to better understand the role of nutrition and the underlying metabolic abnormalities in ALS, and their contribution to the pathogenic mechanisms leading to ALS initiation and progression.

Metabolic and dietary risk factors for urolithiasis

1997 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Roger A. L. Sutton ◽  
Jamsheer Talati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk
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