Abstract P215: Plasma and Dietary Linoleic Acid and Diabetes Incidence After Myocardial Infarction

Background: Plasma linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, LA) has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in prospective cohort studies, but associations of dietary LA with T2DM risk are inconsistent. Objective: To study both plasma and dietary LA in relation to incident T2DM in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients who received state-of-the-art drug treatment. Methods: We included 3,377 patients (80% male) from the Alpha Omega Cohort aged 60-80 y who had an MI <10 y before study enrollment and who were initially free of T2DM. At baseline, LA was measured in plasma cholesterol esters as a proportion of total fatty acids. Dietary LA intake was estimated from a validated 203-item food-frequency questionnaire that had been specifically designed for measuring fatty acid intake. Incident T2DM was ascertained through self-reported physician diagnosis and medication use. HRs for incident T2DM in quintiles of plasma LA and dietary LA were obtained from multivariable Cox models that included age, sex, lifestyle and dietary factors. For dietary LA, we used a substitution model in which LA was iso-calorically replaced with the sum of saturated plus trans fatty acids. Results: From the lowest to the highest quintile, dietary LA ranged from 3.5 to 8.8 percent of energy and the proportion of plasma LA ranged from 43.7 to 56.3%. Plasma and dietary LA were weakly correlated (Spearman r = 0.14, P <.0001). During a median follow-up of 3.4 years, 171 cases of T2DM occurred. Plasma LA was associated with a significantly lower risk of T2DM (HR Q5vsQ1 : 0.45; 95% CI: 0.27 - 0.76; P for trend = 0.002). Dietary LA was not associated with T2DM risk (HR Q5vsQ1: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.53 - 1.76; P for trend = 0.85). Conclusion: Plasma LA but not dietary LA was associated with lower T2DM risk in post-MI patients. The utility of plasma LA as a biomarker of dietary LA warrants further investigation.

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Abstract P227: Circulating and Dietary Linoleic Acid and Prevalent Diabetes in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p227 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kamalita Pertiwi ◽

Anne J Wanders ◽

Peter L Zock ◽

Marjolein C Harbers ◽

Johanna M Geleijnse

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linear Models ◽

Antihypertensive Drugs ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Metabolic Parameters ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total Fatty Acids

Background: Circulating linoleic acid 18:2n-6 (LA) has been considered to reflect LA intake, but its utility as a dietary biomarker could be affected by metabolism. Objective: To study the associations of plasma and dietary LA with T2D prevalence in drug-treated patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data in 4,072 Dutch post-MI patients of the Alpha Omega Cohort. Circulating LA (as % of total fatty acids) was assessed in plasma cholesterol esters (CE) in the total cohort and in plasma phospholipids (PL) in a random subset of 833 patients. LA intake was assessed by a 203-item validated food frequency questionnaire. Prevalence ratios of T2D and associations with metabolic parameters were estimated in plasma and dietary LA quintiles using multivariable generalized linear models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors. Results: Patients were on average 69 years old, 79% was male and 77% were overweight or obese. Most patients used statins (86%), antihypertensive drugs (90%) and antiplatelet drugs (84%). A total of 813 patients (20%) had T2D. Mean LA intake (±SD) was 5.7±2.2 energy%, and circulating LA was 49.9±5.0% in CE and 18.7±3.0% in PL. Spearman’s correlations of dietary LA with circulating LA in CE and PL were 0.16 and 0.10, respectively. Higher plasma LA, but not dietary LA, was significantly associated with a lower diabetes prevalence (Table 1). BMI (β= -0.07, p<0.001), log non-fasting triglycerides (β= -0.01, p<0.001), log non-fasting glucose (β= -0.01, p<0.001), and log alcohol intake (β= -0.03, p<0.001) were significantly associated with circulating LA in plasma CE. Similar associations were found for LA in plasma PL. Dietary LA was not significantly associated with T2D prevalence and metabolic parameters (all p>0.05). Conclusions: Circulating LA may reflect both LA intake and metabolic state in drug-treated post-MI patients. This bears restrictions for its use as a biomarker of dietary LA intake in epidemiological studies.

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Consumption of flavonoid-rich fruits, flavonoids from fruits, and stroke risk: a prospective cohort study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521000404 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Qi Gao ◽

Jia-Yi Dong ◽

Renzhe Cui ◽

Isao Muraki ◽

Kazumasa Yamagishi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Risk ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Citrus Fruits ◽

Proportional Hazards Regression ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Index Study

Abstract We sought to examine the prospective associations of specific fruit consumption, in particular flavonoid-rich fruit (FRF) consumption, with the risk of stroke and subtypes of stroke in a Japanese population. A study followed a total of 39,843 men and 47,334 women aged 44-76 years, and free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer at baseline since 1995 and 1998 to the end of 2009 and 2012, respectively. Data on total and specific FRF consumption for each participant were obtained using a self-administrated food frequency questionnaire. The hazard ratios (HRs) of stroke in relation to total and specific FRF consumption were estimated through Cox proportional hazards regression models. During a median follow-up of 13.1 years, 4092 incident stroke cases (2557 cerebral infarctions and 1516 hemorrhagic strokes) were documented. After adjustment for age, body mass index, study area, lifestyles, dietary factors, and other risk factors, it was found that total FRF consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of stroke in women (HR= 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58-0.84), while the association in men was not significant (HR= 0.93; 95% CI, 0.79-1.09). As for specific FRFs, consumptions of citrus fruits, strawberries, and grapes were found associated with a lower stroke risk in women. Higher consumptions of FRFs, in particular citrus fruits, strawberries, and grapes, were associated with a lower risk of developing stroke in Japanese women.

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FLAVOUR REVERSION IN HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL: I. THE PRODUCTION OF AN ISOMER OF LINOLEIC ACID FROM LINOLENIC ACID

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr44f-023 ◽

1944 ◽

Vol 22f (6) ◽

pp. 191-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

H. W. Lemon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

High Temperature ◽

Iodine Number ◽

Spectral Method ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Isomeric Acid

Linseed oil that has been hydrogenated to a plastic consistency is subject to a type of deterioration termed "flavour reversion" when heated to temperatures used in baking or frying. Investigation of the course of hydrogenation of linseed oil by the spectral method of Mitchell, Kraybill, and Zscheile (11) has indicated that linolenic acid is converted to an isomeric linoleic acid; this acid differs from naturally occurring linoleic acid in that the double bonds are in such positions that diene conjugation is not produced by high-temperature saponification. In a typical hydrogenation, the concentration of the isomeric acid increased to a maximum, at about iodine number 120, of 18% of the total fatty acids, and at iodine number 80, at which point the plasticity was similar to that of a commercial shortening, the concentration of the isomer was 13%. Evidence is presented that the isomeric linoleic acid in partially hydrogenated linseed oil is responsible for the unpleasant flavour that develops when the oil is heated.

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Abstract T P388: Statin Use is Linked to Lower Risk of Recurrent Vascular Events among Ischemic Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.tp388 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Meng Lee ◽

Yi-Ling Wu ◽

Jeffrey L Saver ◽

Jiann-Der Lee ◽

Hui-Hsuan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Recurrent Stroke ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Antithrombotic Agent ◽

Vascular Events ◽

Index Stroke ◽

Statin Use

Background: The efficacy of statin therapy in the prevention of recurrent stroke and major adverse cardiovascularevents (MACE) was clearly established by the SPARCL trial; but SPARCL excluded patients whose index stroke was due to a presumed cardioembolic mechanism. As such, it remains unclear whether statins are beneficial in cardioembolic stroke patients, particularly those with atrial fibrillation (AF). Objective: To evaluate the relationship between statin use and future vascular risk reduction among recent ischemic stroke patients with AF Methods: We analyzed the Taiwan National Health Insurance registry which comprises beneficiaries aged ≥ 18 years. Code ICD-9 was used to identify a primary hospitalization diagnosis of ischemic stroke and AF among subjects encountered between 2003 and 2009. Follow-up was from time of the index stroke to admission for recurrent stroke or myocardial infarction; withdrawal from the registry; and last medical claim before 1/1/2011. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether statin was prescribed (at least 30 days vs. never used) during the follow-up period. Patients were excluded if they did not take any antithrombotic agent within 30 days before an endpoint. Primary endpoint was MACE (composite of stroke and myocardial infarction) and a key secondary endpoint was any recurrent stroke. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI for the development of events were estimated using Cox models. Model was adjusted for baseline age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke, prior myocardial infarction, hyperlipidemia, hospital level, and antithrombotic agent during follow-up. Results: Among 4455 eligible patients, mean age was 71 years and mean follow-up duration was 2.8 years.Compared to non-statin use, statin use was associated with a significantly lower occurrence of MACE (adjusted HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.99, P=0.04) and recurrent stroke (adjusted HR 0.82, 0.69 to 0.97, P=0.02). Statin use was also linked to lower ischemic stroke risk, but had neutral effects on intracranial hemorrhage and myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Among patients with an index ischemic stroke and AF, statin use is associated with a lower risk of recurrent vascular events including stroke.

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5130Association between degree of LDL-cholesterol decrease after a myocardial infarction and mortality - a nationwide cohort study

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

J Schubert ◽

B Lindahl ◽

H Melhus ◽

H Renlund ◽

M Leosdottir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽

Index Event ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Lowering Therapy ◽

Statin Use

Abstract Background In clinical trials, patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) benefit the most from lipid lowering therapy, and more intensive LDL-C lowering therapy is associated with better prognosis. Purpose To investigate the association between degree of LDL-C lowering and prognosis in MI patients from a large real-world setting. Methods Patients admitted with an MI between 2006 and 2016 and registered in the Swedish MI-registry (SWEDEHEART) were followed until 2018. The difference in LDL-C between the MI hospitalization and a 6–10 week follow-up was measured. In multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusting for clinical risk factors (eg. age, diabetes, prior cardiovascular disease), the association between LDL-C change, mortality and recurrent MI was assessed using restricted cubic splines. Further, the patients were stratified according to quartile decrease in LDL-C from MI hospitalization to the follow-up. Results A total of 44,148 patients (median age: 64) had an LDL-C measured during the MI hospitalization and at follow-up. Of these, 9,905 (22.4%) had ongoing statin treatment prior to admission. The median LDL-C at the MI hospitalization was 2.96 (interquartile range 2.23, 3.74) mmol/L and the median decrease in LDL-C was 1.17 (0.37, 1.86) mmol/L. During a median follow-up of 3.9 years, 3,342 patients died and 3,210 had an MI. Patients with the highest quartile of LDL-C decrease (1.86 mmol/L) from index event to follow-up, had a lower risk of mortality, hazard ratio (HR) 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–0.80) compared to those with the lowest quartile of LDL-C decrease (0.37 mmol/L) (figure). For MI, the corresponding HR was 0.83 (95% CI 0.68–1.02). Ongoing statin-use prior to admission did not alter the effect of LDL-C decrease and outcome in the analysis. Conclusions In this large nationwide cohort of MI patients, a gradually lower risk of death was observed in patients with larger decrease in LDL-C from index event to follow-up, regardless of statin use prior to admission. The same trend was observed for recurrent MI, although not reaching statistical significance. This confirms previous findings that efforts should be made to lower LDL-C after MI.

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Impact of methods used to express levels of circulating fatty acids on the degree and direction of associations with blood lipids in humans

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515004341 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 251-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Susan Sergeant ◽

Ingo Ruczinski ◽

Priscilla Ivester ◽

Tammy C. Lee ◽

Timothy M. Morgan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

Association Studies ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Disease Biomarkers ◽

Cellular Fatty Acids ◽

Total Fatty Acids

AbstractNumerous studies have examined relationships between disease biomarkers (such as blood lipids) and levels of circulating or cellular fatty acids. In such association studies, fatty acids have typically been expressed as the percentage of a particular fatty acid relative to the total fatty acids in a sample. Using two human cohorts, this study examined relationships between blood lipids (TAG, and LDL, HDL or total cholesterol) and circulating fatty acids expressed either as a percentage of total or as concentration in serum. The direction of the correlation between stearic acid, linoleic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and DHA and circulating TAG reversed when fatty acids were expressed as concentrationsv. a percentage of total. Similar reversals were observed for these fatty acids when examining their associations with the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol. This reversal pattern was replicated in serum samples from both human cohorts. The correlations between blood lipids and fatty acids expressed as a percentage of total could be mathematically modelled from the concentration data. These data reveal that the different methods of expressing fatty acids lead to dissimilar correlations between blood lipids and certain fatty acids. This study raises important questions about how such reversals in association patterns impact the interpretation of numerous association studies evaluating fatty acids and their relationships with disease biomarkers or risk.

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Study on Antioxidant Activities of Pinus armandi franch Seed Oil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1294 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 634-638 ◽

pp. 1294-1301

Author(s):

Jian Xia Guo ◽

Chang Lu Wang ◽

Zhi Jian Wu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Peroxide ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Sod Activity ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Pharmaceutical Properties

Pinus armandi franch is a unique specialty plant in China and its seed oil contains high levels of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly linoleic acid (LA), which has several pharmaceutical properties. Pinus armandi franch seed oil is a nice resource of linoleic acid with a content of 63% of the total fatty acids. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, whose absence in a normal diet is responsible for the development of various abnormal disorders. This work reported purified LA from Pinus armandi franch seed oil could lower MDA content of lipid peroxidation on rats with hyperlipidemia significantly. TAC activity of liver, heart and serum was enhanced significantly, as well as SOD activity was increased. It demonstrated purified LA from Pinus armandi franch seed oil could improve antioxidant levels of hyperlipidemia rats effectively, enhance the activity of antioxidant enzyme and reduce the content of lipid peroxide, thereby improving lipid metabolism.

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Effect of feeding buckwheat and chicory silages on fatty acid profile and cheese-making properties of milk from dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029912000647 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 81-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tasja Kälber ◽

Michael Kreuzer ◽

Florian Leiber

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Cheese Making ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Rennet Coagulation ◽

Total Fatty Acids

Fresh buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) had been shown to have the potential to improve certain milk quality traits when fed as forages to dairy cows. However, the process of ensiling might alter these properties. In the present study, two silages, prepared from mixtures of buckwheat or chicory and ryegrass, were compared with pure ryegrass silage (Lolium multiflorum) by feeding to 3 × 6 late-lactating cows. The dietary dry matter proportions realised for buckwheat and chicory were 0·46 and 0·34 accounting also for 2 kg/d of concentrate. Data and samples were collected from days 10 to 15 of treatment feeding. Buckwheat silage was richest in condensed tannins. Proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and α-linoleic acid in total fatty acids (FA) were highest in the ryegrass silage. Feed intake, milk yield and milk gross composition did not differ among the groups. Feeding buckwheat resulted in the highest milk fat concentrations (g/kg) of linoleic acid (15·7) and total PUFA (40·5; bothP < 0·05 compared with ryegrass). The concentration of α-linolenic acid in milk fat was similar across treatments, but its apparent recovery in milk relative to the amounts ingested was highest with buckwheat. The same was true for the occurrence of FA biohydrogenation products in milk relative to α-linolenic acid intake. Recovery of dietary linoleic acid in milk remained unaffected. Feeding buckwheat silage shortened rennet coagulation time by 26% and tended (P < 0·1) to increase curd firmness by 29%. In conclusion, particularly buckwheat silage seems to have a certain potential to modify the transfer of FA from feed to milk and to contribute to improved cheese-making properties.

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Causal effects of serum levels of n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on coronary artery disease: Mendelian randomization study

10.1101/2020.10.18.20214791 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sehoon Park ◽

Soojin Lee ◽

Yaerim Kim ◽

Yeonhee Lee ◽

Min Woo Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Causal Effects ◽

Weighted Median ◽

Artery Disease

AbstractBackgroundAdditional studies on the causal effects of 3-n and 6-n polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) are warranted.MethodsThis Mendelian randomization (MR) study utilized a genetic instrument developed from previous genome-wide association studies for various serum 3-n and 6-n PUFA levels. First, we calculated the allele scores for genetic predisposition of PUFAs in individuals of European ancestry in the UK Biobank data (N=337,129). The allele score-based MR was obtained by regressing the allele scores to CAD risks. Second, summary-level MR was performed with the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D data for CAD (N=184,305). The inverse variance-weighted or Wald ratio method was the main analysis for the summary-level MR, and when multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms were utilized (e.g., linoleic acid), MR-Egger and weighted median methods were implemented as sensitivity analyses.ResultsHigher genetically predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels were significantly associated with a lower risk of CAD both in the allele-score-based and summary-level MR analyses. Higher allele scores for linoleic acid level were significantly associated with lower CAD risks, and in the summary-level MR, the causal estimates by the MR-Egger and weighted median methods also indicated that higher linoleic acid levels cause a lower risk of CAD. Arachidonic acid was the 6-n PUFA that showed significant causal estimates for a higher risk of CAD. Higher docosapentaenoic acid and adrenic acid levels showed inconsistent findings in the MR analysis results.ConclusionsThis study supports the causal effects of certain 3-n and 6-n PUFA types on the risk of CAD.

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Dietary fats and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes: analysis in two population based cohort studies

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.l4009 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. l4009 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jingjing Jiao ◽

Gang Liu ◽

Hyun Joon Shin ◽

Frank B Hu ◽

Eric B Rimm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Mortality ◽

Disease Mortality

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association of dietary fatty acids with cardiovascular disease mortality and total mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes.DesignProspective, longitudinal cohort study.SettingHealth professionals in the United States.Participants11 264 participants with type 2 diabetes in the Nurses’ Health Study (1980-2014) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2014).ExposuresDietary fat intake assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires and updated every two to four years.Main outcome measureTotal and cardiovascular disease mortality during follow-up.ResultsDuring follow-up, 2502 deaths including 646 deaths due to cardiovascular disease were documented. After multivariate adjustment, intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was associated with a lower cardiovascular disease mortality, compared with total carbohydrates: hazard ratios comparing the highest with the lowest quarter were 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.99; P for trend=0.03) for total PUFAs, 0.69 (0.52 to 0.90; P=0.007) for marine n-3 PUFAs, 1.13 (0.85 to 1.51) for α-linolenic acid, and 0.75 (0.56 to 1.01) for linoleic acid. Inverse associations with total mortality were also observed for intakes of total PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, and linoleic acid, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids of animal, but not plant, origin were associated with a higher total mortality. In models that examined the theoretical effects of substituting PUFAs for other fats, isocalorically replacing 2% of energy from saturated fatty acids with total PUFAs or linoleic acid was associated with 13% (hazard ratio 0.87, 0.77 to 0.99) or 15% (0.85, 0.73 to 0.99) lower cardiovascular disease mortality, respectively. A 2% replacement of energy from saturated fatty acids with total PUFAs was associated with 12% (hazard ratio 0.88, 0.83 to 0.94) lower total mortality.ConclusionsIn patients with type 2 diabetes, higher intake of PUFAs, in comparison with carbohydrates or saturated fatty acids, is associated with lower total mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality. These findings highlight the important role of quality of dietary fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and total mortality among adults with type 2 diabetes.

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