scholarly journals Coevolving Predator and Prey Robots: Do “Arms Races” Arise in Artificial Evolution?

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Nolfi ◽  
Dario Floreano
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Robotics ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Artificial Evolution ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionary Arms Race ◽  
Adaptive Power ◽  
Competing Populations

Coevolution (i.e., the evolution of two or more competing populations with coupled fitness) has several features that may potentially enhance the power of adaptation of artificial evolution. In particular, as discussed by Dawkins and Krebs [3], competing populations may reciprocally drive one another to increasing levels of complexity by producing an evolutionary “arms race.” In this article we will investigate the role of coevolution in the context of evolutionary robotics. In particular, we will try to understand in what conditions coevolution can lead to “arms races.” Moreover, we will show that in some cases artificial coevolution has a higher adaptive power than simple evolution. Finally, by analyzing the dynamics of coevolved populations, we will show that in some circumstances well-adapted individuals would be better advised to adopt simple but easily modifiable strategies suited for the current competitor strategies rather than incorporate complex and general strategies that may be effective against a wide range of opposing counter-strategies.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Histories of Antiretroviral Proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 Do Not Support an Evolutionary Arms Race in Primates

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (18) ◽  
pp. 8085-8089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Murrell ◽  
Thomas Vollbrecht ◽  
John Guatelli ◽  
Joel O. Wertheim
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Restriction Factor ◽  
Restriction Factors ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Host Restriction ◽  
Host Restriction Factor ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Evolutionary Arms Race ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTMolecular evolutionary arms races between viruses and their hosts are important drivers of adaptation. These Red Queen dynamics have been frequently observed in primate retroviruses and their antagonists, host restriction factor genes, such as APOBEC3F/G, TRIM5-α, SAMHD1, and BST-2. Host restriction factors have experienced some of the most intense and pervasive adaptive evolution documented in primates. Recently, two novel host factors, SERINC3 and SERINC5, were identified as the targets of HIV-1 Nef, a protein crucial for the optimal infectivity of virus particles. Here, we compared the evolutionary fingerprints of SERINC3 and SERINC5 to those of other primate restriction factors and to a set of other genes with diverse functions. SERINC genes evolved in a manner distinct from the canonical arms race dynamics seen in the other restriction factors. Despite their antiviral activity against HIV-1 and other retroviruses, SERINC3 and SERINC5 have a relatively uneventful evolutionary history in primates.IMPORTANCERestriction factors are host proteins that block viral infection and replication. Many viruses, like HIV-1 and related retroviruses, evolved accessory proteins to counteract these restriction factors. The importance of these interactions is evidenced by the intense adaptive selection pressures that dominate the evolutionary histories of both the host and viral genes involved in this so-called arms race. The dynamics of these arms races can point to mechanisms by which these viral infections can be prevented. Two human genes, SERINC3 and SERINC5, were recently identified as targets of an HIV-1 accessory protein important for viral infectivity. Unexpectedly, we found that these SERINC genes, unlike other host restriction factor genes, show no evidence of a recent evolutionary arms race with viral pathogens.

scholarly journals Insect egg-killing: a new front on the evolutionary arms-race between Brassicaceae plants and Pierid butterflies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Griese ◽  
Lotte Caarls ◽  
Setareh Mohammadin ◽  
Niccolò Bassetti ◽  
Gabriella Bukovinszkine’Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Brassicaceae Species ◽  
Evolutionary Arms Race ◽  
Close Relatives

AbstractEvolutionary arms-races between plants and herbivores have been proposed to generate key innovations that can drive diversification of the interacting species. Recent studies reveal that plant traits that target herbivore insect eggs are widespread throughout the plant kingdom. Within the Brassicaceae family, some plants express a hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis underneath the eggs of specialist cabbage white butterflies (Pieridae) that leads to eggs desiccating or dropping of the leaf. Here, we studied the evolutionary basis of this trait, its egg-killing effect on and elicitation by specialist butterflies, by screening 31 Brassicaceae species and nine Pieridae species. We show that induction of HR-like necrosis by pierid egg deposition is clade-specific in the economically important Brassiceae tribe (Brassica crops and close-relatives) and in the first-branching genus Aethionema. The necrosis is elicited only by pierid butterflies that feed on Brassicaceae plants; four Pieris and Anthocharis cardamines butterflies, of which the larvae are specialists on Brassicaceae, elicited a HR-like necrosis. Eggs of pierid butterflies that feed on Rhamnaceae (Gonepteryx rhamni) or Fabaceae (Colias spp.) however, did not elicit such a leaf necrosis. Finally, eggs of Aglais io, a species of the sister group Nymphalidae, did not elicit any visible response. Counter-adaptations to HR-like necrosis might have evolved by insect deposition of eggs in clusters or on inflorescences. Our findings suggest that the plants’ egg-killing trait is a new front on the evolutionary arms-race between Brassicaceae and pierid butterflies beyond the well-studied chemical defence traits against caterpillars.

How Does the Nuclear Arms Race Work?

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin S. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
State Action ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Armed Service ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
Reaction Processes ◽  
Nuclear Arms

Many analysts are convinced that they understand how arms races work. However, very few arms race studies rest upon a disciplined use of historical data, or upon a willingness to consider seriously more than one or two of the more prominent candidates for the role of the driving factor in an arms race. This article suggests that any analysis of the dynamics of the nuclear arms race cannot afford to neglect the operation of the following factors: inter-state action-reaction processes; inter-armed service action-reaction processes; intra-armed service action-reaction processes; bureaucratic political games; the very individual structures and processes of each political system; military-industrial complexities; foreign policy goals and strategies: and finally, technological innovation. Synergistic combinations of the operation of the forementioned factors produce and sustain what we term arms races. Policy prescription for arms control, if it is to be relevant, must rest upon a deep understanding of the processes to be controlled. An appreciation of the true complexity of arms race phenomena is one important intellectual step towards the ability to control.

scholarly journals miRNA Mediated Regulation and Interaction between Plants and Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2913
Author(s):  
Xiaoqian Yang ◽  
Lichun Zhang ◽  
Yuzhang Yang ◽  
Markus Schmid ◽  
Yanwei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plants have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms that enable them to respond to a wide range of pathogens. It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-translational level, play a crucial role in coordinating plant-pathogen interactions. Specifically, miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phytohormone signals, reactive oxygen species, and NBS-LRR gene expression, thereby modulating the arms race between hosts and pathogens. Adding another level of complexity, it has recently been shown that specific lncRNAs (ceRNAs) can act as decoys that interact with and modulate the activity of miRNAs. Here we review recent findings regarding the roles of miRNA in plant defense, with a focus on the regulatory modes of miRNAs and their possible applications in breeding pathogen-resistance plants including crops and trees. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the role of miRNA in the arms race between hosts and pathogens, and the interaction between disease-related miRNAs and lncRNAs.

scholarly journals The butterfly plant arms-race escalated by gene and genome duplications

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (27) ◽  
pp. 8362-8366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick P. Edger ◽  
Hanna M. Heidel-Fischer ◽  
Michaël Bekaert ◽  
Jadranka Rota ◽  
Gernot Glöckner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Novel Traits ◽  
Genome Duplications ◽  
Evolutionary Arms Race ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Key Innovations

Coevolutionary interactions are thought to have spurred the evolution of key innovations and driven the diversification of much of life on Earth. However, the genetic and evolutionary basis of the innovations that facilitate such interactions remains poorly understood. We examined the coevolutionary interactions between plants (Brassicales) and butterflies (Pieridae), and uncovered evidence for an escalating evolutionary arms-race. Although gradual changes in trait complexity appear to have been facilitated by allelic turnover, key innovations are associated with gene and genome duplications. Furthermore, we show that the origins of both chemical defenses and of molecular counter adaptations were associated with shifts in diversification rates during the arms-race. These findings provide an important connection between the origins of biodiversity, coevolution, and the role of gene and genome duplications as a substrate for novel traits.

scholarly journals Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (45) ◽  
pp. 22657-22663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akito Y. Kawahara ◽  
David Plotkin ◽  
Marianne Espeland ◽  
Karen Meusemann ◽  
Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Triassic ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionary Arms Race ◽  
Morphological Innovation

Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the major superradiations of insects, comprising nearly 160,000 described extant species. As herbivores, pollinators, and prey, Lepidoptera play a fundamental role in almost every terrestrial ecosystem. Lepidoptera are also indicators of environmental change and serve as models for research on mimicry and genetics. They have been central to the development of coevolutionary hypotheses, such as butterflies with flowering plants and moths’ evolutionary arms race with echolocating bats. However, these hypotheses have not been rigorously tested, because a robust lepidopteran phylogeny and timing of evolutionary novelties are lacking. To address these issues, we inferred a comprehensive phylogeny of Lepidoptera, using the largest dataset assembled for the order (2,098 orthologous protein-coding genes from transcriptomes of 186 species, representing nearly all superfamilies), and dated it with carefully evaluated synapomorphy-based fossils. The oldest members of the Lepidoptera crown group appeared in the Late Carboniferous (∼300 Ma) and fed on nonvascular land plants. Lepidoptera evolved the tube-like proboscis in the Middle Triassic (∼241 Ma), which allowed them to acquire nectar from flowering plants. This morphological innovation, along with other traits, likely promoted the extraordinary diversification of superfamily-level lepidopteran crown groups. The ancestor of butterflies was likely nocturnal, and our results indicate that butterflies became day-flying in the Late Cretaceous (∼98 Ma). Moth hearing organs arose multiple times before the evolutionary arms race between moths and bats, perhaps initially detecting a wide range of sound frequencies before being co-opted to specifically detect bat sonar. Our study provides an essential framework for future comparative studies on butterfly and moth evolution.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

Introduction: Emotion, History and the Arts

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Sullivan ◽  
Marie Louise Herzfeld-Schild
Keyword(s):  
Historical Change ◽  
Carson Mccullers ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Review Section ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
War Correspondents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Johan Huizinga

This introduction surveys the rise of the history of emotions as a field and the role of the arts in such developments. Reflecting on the foundational role of the arts in the early emotion-oriented histories of Johan Huizinga and Jacob Burkhardt, as well as the concerns about methodological impressionism that have sometimes arisen in response to such studies, the introduction considers how intensive engagements with the arts can open up new insights into past emotions while still being historically and theoretically rigorous. Drawing on a wide range of emotionally charged art works from different times and places—including the novels of Carson McCullers and Harriet Beecher-Stowe, the private poetry of neo-Confucian Chinese civil servants, the photojournalism of twentieth-century war correspondents, and music from Igor Stravinsky to the Beatles—the introduction proposes five ways in which art in all its forms contributes to emotional life and consequently to emotional histories: first, by incubating deep emotional experiences that contribute to formations of identity; second, by acting as a place for the expression of private or deviant emotions; third, by functioning as a barometer of wider cultural and attitudinal change; fourth, by serving as an engine of momentous historical change; and fifth, by working as a tool for emotional connection across communities, both within specific time periods but also across them. The introduction finishes by outlining how the special issue's five articles and review section address each of these categories, while also illustrating new methodological possibilities for the field.

Short Films from a Small Nation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.

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