Gender and Collaboration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ductor ◽  
Sanjeev Goyal ◽  
Anja Prummer
Keyword(s):  
Research Output ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Output Gap ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Collaboration Patterns

Abstract We connect gender disparities in research output and collaboration patterns in economics. We first document large gender gaps in research output. These gaps persist across 50 years despite a significant increase in the fraction of women in economics during that time. We further show that output differences are closely related to differences in the co-authorship networks of men and women: women have fewer collaborators, collaborate more often with the same co-authors, and a higher fraction of their co-authors collaborate with each other. Taking into account co-authorship networks reduces the gender output gap by 18%.

scholarly journals Differences at the Extremes? Gender, National Contexts, and Math Performance in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 1290-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Liu ◽  
Andrea Alvarado-Urbina ◽  
Emily Hannum
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Math Performance ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Performance Distribution ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Latin American Countries

Studies of gender disparities in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) performance have generally focused on average differences. However, the extremes could also be important because disparities at the top may shape stratification in access to STEM careers, while disparities at the bottom can shape stratification in dropout. This article investigates determinants of gender disparities in math across the performance distribution in Latin American countries, where there is a persistent boys’ advantage in STEM performance. Findings reveal disparate national patterns in gender gaps across the performance distribution. Furthermore, while certain national characteristics are linked to gender gaps at the low- and middle-ranges of the performance distribution, female representation in education is the only characteristic associated with a reduced gender gap at the top level.

EVALUATING THE GENDER VARIATIONS IN INFORMAL SECTOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP: SOME LESSONS FROM BRAZIL

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 1350004 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN C WILLIAMS ◽  
YOUSSEF YOUSSEF
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Marginalized Populations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Variations ◽  
Micro Enterprises

The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically the gender variations in informal sector entrepreneurship. Until now, a widely-held belief has been that entrepreneurs operating in the informal sector in developing nations are lowly paid, poorly educated, marginalized populations doing so out of necessity as a survival strategy in the absence of alternatives. Reporting an extensive 2003 survey conducted in urban Brazil of informal sector entrepreneurs operating micro-enterprises with five or less employees, the finding is that although less than half of these entrepreneurs are driven out of necessity into entrepreneurial endeavor in the informal economy, women are more commonly necessity-driven entrepreneurs and receive lower incomes from their entrepreneurial endeavor than men despite being better educated. The outcome is a call to recognize how the gender disparities in the wider labor market are mirrored and reinforced by the participation of men and women in the realm of informal sector entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Gender Gaps in Achievement and Participation in Multiple Introductory Biology Classrooms

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Eddy ◽  
Sara E. Brownell ◽  
Mary Pat Wenderoth
Keyword(s):  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Grade Point Averages ◽  
Introductory Biology ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Undergraduate Level ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Mathematics

Although gender gaps have been a major concern in male-dominated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines such as physics and engineering, the numerical dominance of female students in biology has supported the assumption that gender disparities do not exist at the undergraduate level in life sciences. Using data from 23 large introductory biology classes for majors, we examine two measures of gender disparity in biology: academic achievement and participation in whole-class discussions. We found that females consistently underperform on exams compared with males with similar overall college grade point averages. In addition, although females on average represent 60% of the students in these courses, their voices make up less than 40% of those heard responding to instructor-posed questions to the class, one of the most common ways of engaging students in large lectures. Based on these data, we propose that, despite numerical dominance of females, gender disparities remain an issue in introductory biology classrooms. For student retention and achievement in biology to be truly merit based, we need to develop strategies to equalize the opportunities for students of different genders to practice the skills they need to excel.

Do Men and Women Have Different Policy Preferences in Africa? Determinants and Implications of Gender Gaps in Policy Prioritization

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Gottlieb ◽  
Guy Grossman ◽  
Amanda Lea Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Social Empowerment

Policies designed to increase women’s representation in Africa are often motivated by the assumption that men and women have different policy preferences. This article finds that gender differences in policy priorities are actually quite small on average, but vary significantly across policy domains and countries. The study leverages this variation to show that the economic and social empowerment of women influences the size of gender gaps in the prioritization of two important domains. In particular, women’s participation in the labor force – an indicator of economic empowerment – narrows the gender gap in the prioritization of infrastructure investment and access to clean water, while social vulnerability widens the gap on prioritizing infrastructure investment. Finally, the article shows that the places where women and men have the most divergent policy preferences – and thus where formal representation is most important – are precisely the places where women are currently the most poorly represented and least active in formal politics.

scholarly journals Are Women a Missing Audience for Science on YouTube? An Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley R. Landrum
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Digital Video ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Educational Science ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Digital Platforms

Educational science programming on digital video platforms such as YouTube wrestle with sometimes significant gender disparities in viewership. When men engage with science and technology content on digital platforms more than women, gender gaps in the understanding of, engagement with, and interest in STEM may intensify. Therefore, there is a critical need for research aiming to aid in our understanding of these gender differences. This study provides evidence that the gender gaps may exist not in the use of YouTube itself, but in the engagement with science and technology content on the platform. Furthermore, there are gender differences in the reasons for engaging with such content, with women, perhaps, more motivated by instrumental purposes than to satisfy their science curiosity.

scholarly journals Gendered participation in the geosciences: 10 years of ERC funding

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Claudia Jesus-Rydin ◽  
Luis Farina-Busto ◽  
Alexis-Michel Mugabushaka
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Peer Review System ◽  
European Research ◽  
Review System ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Rate Analysis

Abstract. The European Research Council (ERC) marks a new approach to investing in frontier research in Europe. Since its establishment, the ERC has taken numerous actions to tackle imbalances and monitors data from each call. The aim of this paper is to review descriptive statistics of men and women participating in ERC calls in the geosciences. The share of women applying for Starting Grants is on average around 30 %, whereas for Consolidator Grants and Advanced Grants the share is around 25 % and 11 % respectively. Success rate analysis shows no significant gender disparities. The paper provides an overview of the ERC peer-review system, discusses results specific to the geosciences compared to national funding and SHE Figures, and concludes with a review of past actions and future goals.

Profile Analysis of Research Output in Biotechnology in Turkey

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-156
Author(s):  
Yaşar Serhat Yaşgül
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Publication Trends ◽  
Isi Web Of Science ◽  
Research Profile ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Collaboration Patterns ◽  
India And China

The aim of this chapter is to reveal the research profile and intellectual accumulation of Turkey in the field of biotechnology by using bibliometric methods for the period 1973-2016. To this end, the period studied in this framework is divided into two sub-periods (1973-2003 and 2004-2016). Thus, it was aimed to analyze the effects of the Vision 2023 strategy document, which appeared in the 2000s and which considers biotechnology as one of the strategic technologies to be developed as a priority. Using the dataset created from the scanned records in the ISI Web of Science database, Turkey's publication trends, collaboration patterns, preferred journals and research subject areas were identified. Despite the improvement observed in publication performance and cooperation for the 2004-2006 sub-period, Turkey has lagged behind countries such as Brazil, India, and China, especially in terms of publication performance.

The Female Pediatric Surgeon

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Dingemann
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Development ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Academic Surgery ◽  
Surgical Career ◽  
Female Surgeons ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women

AbstractIn medical schools throughout Europe, women make up an increasing proportion of graduates entering the medical profession. Even though this phenomenon is also found in the surgical profession, women are still clearly underrepresented. However, it has been demonstrated that women are equally qualified as men, and are as eager as men to aim for a surgical career.In general, a career in surgery has significant lifestyle implications for both men and women. In particular, women meet challenges such as pregnancy, maternity, and responsibility for childcare that compete with pressures of time and expectations of productivity. Further complicating the situation, there is a huge complexity of national legislation dealing with maternity and parental leave within Europe. Owing to this legal inconsistency, a strong demand on targeted policies and guidelines has increased particularly among the surgical staff.The scarcity of female role models and mentors has also been discussed as a possible explanation for the underrepresentation of women in academic surgery. Even in the 21st century, the advancement of women into leading positions of academic surgery and major surgical societies is still limited. An updated view of leadership development, the promotion of female surgeons in academic surgery, and identifying barriers to women entering this field are crucial to correcting the existing gender inequities.This contribution aims to highlight the current situation of women in academic surgery, outline findings on gender disparities, and define persistent obstacles to the advancement of women in surgery. In addition, this review presents new possibilities and provides approaches to overcome the underrepresentation of female surgeons. In current literature, there is only little information concerning the situation of female pediatric surgeons. Therefore, this article mainly relies on available data on the female surgeon in general.

scholarly journals Gender Disparities in Health Outcomes of Elderly Persons in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-359
Author(s):  
Vani Kant Borooah
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Education Levels

This article uses data from India’s National Sample Survey (NSS), relating to respondents’ health outcomes between January and June 2014, to quantify a particular form of gender inequality: inequality in self-rated health (SRH) outcomes between men and women aged 60 years and above. In so doing, it makes five contributions to the existing literature. The first is in terms of analytical technique; this study contains a more detailed and nuanced exposition of the regression results than in previous studies. Second, it controls for environmental factors—like poor drainage, lack of toilets or ventilation in the kitchen—which might have adverse impact on health and, in particular, affect the health of women more than that of men. Third, it takes an account of interaction effects by which the effect of a variable on an elderly person’s SRH differed according to whether the person was male or female. Lastly, it examines whether SRH is correlated with objective health outcomes. In particular, this study answers two central questions: Did men and women, considered collectively, have significantly different likelihoods of ‘poor’ SRH between the different regions/income classes/social groups/education levels? Did men and women, considered separately, have significantly different likelihoods of a ‘poor’ SRH within a region/income class/social group/education level?

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