Estimation of partial resistance in potato genotypes against Meloidogyne chitwoodi

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Been ◽  
Corrie Schomaker ◽  
Patrick Norshie
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Final Population

AbstractThree new potato genotypes, designated AR 04-4107, AR 04-4096 and AR 04-4098, with resistance towards Meloidogyne chitwoodi, and the susceptible cv. Désirée were grown at a range of population densities of M. chitwoodi in a climate-controlled glasshouse in order to establish the presence and degree of partial resistance. Tuber parts of about 12 g were planted at densities (Pi) of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 second-stage juveniles (J2) (g dry soil)−1. The plants were allowed to grow for a period of 105 days. Tomato cv. Moneymaker was included and inoculated at Pi = 2 J2 (g soil)−1 to verify the quality of the inoculum by measuring the multiplication rate. Plant height was measured weekly over 11 weeks. At harvest, fresh shoot, root and tuber weights, and number of tubers were measured to express yield. Final population densities (Pf) were calculated as the total number of nematodes found in soil and roots. Tubers were scored for visible symptoms and a root-knot index was calculated. The relation between pre-plant population densities (Pi) and nematode densities at harvest (Pf) was fitted using R. The multiplication rate a of M. chitwoodi on AR 04-4107, AR 04-4096, AR 04-4098 and cv. Désirée was 0.55, 0.27, 0.91 and 32, respectively. Partial resistance rsa of AR 04-4107, AR 04-4096 and AR 04-4098 was 1.7%, 0.8% and 2.8%, respectively. Partial resistance expressed as rsM was 0.2%, 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. It can be concluded that AR 04-4107, AR 04-4096 and AR 04-4098 are strongly partially resistant to M. chitwoodi. Also, the population dynamics curves run almost parallel between both the tested genotypes and the reference cultivar, indicating that a simple and cheap partial resistance test is feasible. When tuber yields were fitted to the Seinhorst model for yield reduction, cv. Désirée showed a minimum yield (m) of 0.86, while all three resistant genotypes suffered no yields losses at all (m = 1), which indicates that the observed resistance was associated with tolerance. As a result of the remarkably high partial resistance, quality damage was low compared with cv. Désirée. The root-knot index, which takes into account internal quality damage of the potato tuber, was below 10 for all genotypes with partial resistance, the lower damage threshold used for industrial processing of consumption potatoes. Visible symptoms on the tuber skin were absent up to densities of 32 J2 (g soil)−1 for genotypes AR 04-4098 and AR 04-4096 and 2 J2 (g soil)−1 for AR 04-4107, and significantly reduced at higher densities when compared with the susceptible cv. Désirée. However, when tuber peels were investigated, egg masses were detected in tubers at almost all initial population densities.

A routine test for the relative susceptibility of potato genotypes with resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi

Nematology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1079-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misghina G. Teklu ◽  
Corrie H. Schomaker ◽  
Thomas H. Been ◽  
Leendert P.G. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Pot Size ◽  
Optimal Protocol ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

The population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on eight potato genotypes was compared to the susceptible cv. Desiree in four glasshouse experiments. The initial nematode densities consisted of log series 2x, with . Seinhorst’s logistic model was fitted to the final population densities to estimate the parameters maximum multiplication rate (a), maximum population density (M) and the ratios RSa, RSM and . Average RSa and RSM of the seven resistant genotypes were smaller than 0.29%. The ratios on six resistant genotypes and cv. Desiree were the same, 1.3, indicating independence of RS. One genotype stood out with , whereby RSa < RSM. Both RS and were unaffected by pot size or experimental conditions. Screening protocols at second-stage juveniles (g dry soil)−1 in 2 or 3 kg pots were evaluated for distinctiveness between the two genotype groups. Based on the results, an optimal protocol for a routine resistance test is proposed.

Tuber and root resistance of potato genotypes against Meloidogyne chitwoodi in the presence of Avena strigosa, related to tuber quality

Nematology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misghina G. Teklu ◽  
Corrie H. Schomaker ◽  
Thomas H. Been ◽  
Leendert P.G. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
Tuber Resistance ◽  
Avena Strigosa ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Root Resistance

Relative tuber infestation and quality of two Meloidogyne chitwoodi resistant potato genotypes, AR04-4096 and 2011M1, were compared in glasshouse experiments at initial population density () = 16 second-stage juveniles (g dry soil)−1 in the presence and absence of the bristle oat, Avena strigosa. When A. strigosa was added, ( final population) on both AR04-4096 and 2011M1 increased 130×, increased 1.9 and 3.7×, respectively, while × fresh root weight (FRW)−1 was the same. Nematode hatch from peel of AR04-4096, without A. strigosa, was delayed by 3 weeks but relative hatching rate was increased. Although the RStuber (RS = Relative Susceptibility) of both AR04-4096 and 2011M1 were lower than 1%, in the presence of A. strigosa tuber quality of 2011M1 dropped below the marketable level, while that of AR04-4096 was hardly affected. We conclude that: i) is influenced by root mass; ii) root quality influences nematode hatch; iii) tuber quality is not an estimator for tuber resistance, and the reverse; iv) root resistance is equal to tuber resistance.

Relative susceptibilities of five fodder radish varieties (Raphanus sativus var. Oleiformis) to Meloidogyne chitwoodi

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misghina G. Teklu ◽  
Corrie H. Schomaker ◽  
Thomas H. Been
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Fodder Radish

The fodder radish varieties Anaconda, Contra, Defender, Doublet and Terranova, known to have some partial resistance, were compared to the standard variety, Radical, to estimate their relative susceptibility (RS) for both population dynamic parameters of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and to evaluate dependency. This approach must eventually lead to new screening methods for partial resistance tests. Plants were grown under controlled glasshouse conditions. Twelve densities of nematodes in five replications were used. Five plants per 7 l pot were allowed to grow for a period of 11 weeks until their early flowering stage. Few seedlings of all the varieties at and 64 J2 (g dry soil)−1, and all seedlings exposed to the highest density, J2 (g dry soil)−1, died within a week after germination. Replanted seedlings developed into normal plants. Total yield, expressed as total fresh weight, was not affected by M. chitwoodi. A lower percentage of plants with galls was observed on partially resistant varieties as compared with Radical. For Radical, a maximum multiplication rate (a) of 0.38 and a maximum population density (M) of 6.43 J2 (g dry soil)−1 were estimated. Radical proved to be a bad host for M. chitwoodi with all final populations lower than the . The parameter estimates of (M) for Anaconda, Contra, Defender, Doublet and Terranova were 0.011, 0.006, 0.027, 0.020 and 0.009 J2 (g dry soil)−1, respectively. With Radical taken to be 100% susceptible, this resulted in values of 0.17, 0.10, 0.42, 0.32 and 0.14% of these varieties, respectively, reducing high population levels of M. chitwoodi by more than 98%. There was no correlation between the and the values, indicating that scoring the number of galled plants will not provide a suitable measure for partial resistance.

scholarly journals Grain yield of corn at different population densities and intercropped with forages

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1143-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. do Nascimento ◽  
Carlos E. A. Furlani ◽  
Carlos A. Chioderoli ◽  
Renata F. de Queiroz ◽  
Rafael S. Bertonha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
State University ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Urochloa Decumbens ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Agricultural Areas

ABSTRACT The no-tillage system optimizes agricultural areas, maintaining the supply of straw and promoting crop rotation and soil conservation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate sowing quality and grain yield of corn intercropped with three forage species of the Urochloa genus associated with two corn population densities. The experiment was conducted at the São Paulo State University (UNESP), in Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme with four replicates. The treatments consisted of two corn densities (55,000 and 75,000 plants ha-1) intercropped with three forages (Urochloa brizantha, Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa ruziziensis) sown between rows of corn in the V4 stage. The following corn variables were analysed: mean number of days for emergence, longitudinal distribution, grain yield, initial population and final population. There were differences between corn populations (p < 0.1) and the intercropping of corn with the species U. brizantha and U. ruziziensis promoted the best results, which permitted concluding that the cultivation of corn at the population density of 75,000 plants ha-1 intercropped U. brizantha and U. ruziziensis promoted better sowing quality and, consequently, higher grain yields.

Damage thresholds and population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on carrot (Daucus carota) at different seed densities

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. Heve ◽  
Thomas H. Been ◽  
Corrie H. Schomaker ◽  
Misghina G. Teklu
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Seed Density ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Dry Soil

Yield loss of carrot (Daucus carota) cv. Nerac caused by Meloidogyne chitwoodi and population dynamics of this nematode were studied using a range of 13 nematode densities at three seed densities (2, 4, 18 seeds pot−1) in a climate-controlled glasshouse. Yield and quality data were fitted to Seinhorst’s yield models. Final population densities were fitted to the population dynamic models for sedentary and free-living nematodes. The tolerance limits for yield loss were 0.34, 0.62 and 0.50, while that of quality were 0.012, 0.142 and 0.813 second-stage juveniles (J2) (g dry soil)−1 at increasing seed densities, respectively. The minimum yield (m), increased with seed density: 0.25, 0.30 and 0.50; the minimum quality yield was 0.10, 0.08 and 0.15 J2 (g dry soil)−1 at increasing seed densities, respectively. Both maximum multiplication rates and maximum population densities increased with increasing seed density but were generally low. Carrot cv. Nerac can be considered a bad host for M. chitwoodi.

The effect of storage time and temperature on the population dynamics and vitality of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-385
Author(s):  
Misghina G. Teklu ◽  
Corrie H. Schomaker ◽  
Thomas H. Been
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Summary The population densities of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers stored at 4, 8 and 12°C after 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 days of storage were assessed. Compared to day 0, storage temperatures of 4 and 8°C reduced population densities to 9 and 35%, respectively, after 240 days of storage, while nematode numbers in tubers stored at 12°C increased 2.5 times. The maximum hatching rate of nematodes from tubers stored at 8 and 12°C increased linearly with storage time. At 4°C it remained constant. The time required for the hatching process to reach the maximum number of second-stage juveniles (J2) decreased with increasing storage temperature. Recovered juveniles of M. chitwoodi from tubers after 180 and 240 days of storage at all three temperatures were still infective and able to multiply on ‘Desiree’ with estimates of the maximum multiplication rate (a) and the maximum population density (M) of 63.6 and 70.8 J2 (g dry soil)−1, respectively.

scholarly journals Characterization of Resistance to Major Tropical Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Solanum sisymbriifolium

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Hajihassani ◽  
William B. Rutter ◽  
Tanner Schwarz ◽  
Moges Woldemeskel ◽  
Md Emran Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
White Star ◽  
Solanum Sisymbriifolium

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important contributors to yield reduction in tomato. Though resistant cultivars to common species (Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica) are available, they are not effective against other major species of root-knot nematodes. Cultivars or lines of Solanum sisymbriifolium were examined to assess the presence and level of resistance to five major species: M. arenaria race 1, M. incognita race 3, M. haplanaria, M. javanica, and M. enterolobii. Differences in S. sisymbriifolium response to the nematode infection were apparent when susceptibility or resistance was classified by the egg counts per gram fresh weight of root and the multiplication rate of the nematodes. The cultivar Diamond was highly susceptible, Quattro and White Star were susceptible, while Sis Syn II was resistant to M. arenaria. Quattro, White Star, and Sis Syn II exhibited a moderate to high level of resistance to M. incognita but the nematode increased 2.5-fold from the initial population of the M. incognita on Diamond. All S. sisymbriifolium cultivars were highly resistant to both M. haplanaria and M. enterolobii, while highly susceptible to M. javanica. A microplot study under field conditions using Sis Syn II confirmed that M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. haplanaria were not pathogenic on the plant. Likewise, an examination on cross-sections of galled root tissues confirmed the susceptibility and resistance of S. sisymbriifolium lines to Meloidogyne spp. Using S. sisymbriifolium as a resistant rootstock or a new source of resistance may result in the development of nonchemical and sustainable management strategies to protect the tomato crop.

Host status of six major weeds to Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Pratylenchus penetrans, including a preliminary field survey concerning other weeds

Nematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vhukile Kutywayo ◽  
Thomas H. Been
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
Echinochloa Crusgalli ◽  
Host Status

Abstract A glasshouse experiment was carried out to investigate the host status of six important weeds in intensive agricultural cropping systems to Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Pratylenchus penetrans. Senecio vulgaris L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. and Solanum nigrum L. were hosts of M. chitwoodi with reproduction factors of 2.5, 2.6 and 7.8, respectively. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. were non-hosts for M. chitwoodi as no galls or eggs were observed. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. is considered a poor host with one out of eight plants producing an egg mass, but maintaining significantly higher population densities in the soil than were recorded in the fallow pots. Echinochloa crusgalli, S. nigrum and S. vulgaris were hosts of P. penetrans with multiplication factors of 1.6, 1.82 and 4.29, respectively. The multiplication rate of P. penetrans on S. vulgaris was similar to the one recorded on maize, the susceptible control. Galinsoga parviflora, S. media and C. bursa-pastoris were non-hosts as no specimen of the target nematode was found in the roots. After 16 weeks, only 1.22 and 0.08% of the original population was still alive for P. penetrans and M. chitwoodi, respectively. In conjunction with the pot experiment, a field survey was conducted at two sites, each of which was known to be highly infested with either M. chitwoodi or P. penetrans. Based on the survey results, Cirsium arvense Scop. and C. bursa-pastoris can also be considered to be hosts of M. chitwoodi, whilst Cirsium arvense, Chenopodium album L. and Polygonum convolvulus L. were recorded as hosts of P. penetrans. These results call attention to the possibility of weeds acting as carriers and point sources of possible high population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes. It emphasises the importance of adequate weed control in an integrated programme for management of M. chitwoodi and P. penetrans and the possible failure of the successful use of non-host crops and fallow in crop rotations when weed control is inadequate.

scholarly journals Do the stage of plant and initial population of root knot nematode influence on sweet pepper development?

O Biológico ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Samara A. de Oliveira ◽  
Juliana M. O Rosa ◽  
Juliana Eulálio ◽  
Claudio Marcelo G. de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Leaf Pair ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Reproduction Factor

The aim of this study was to investigate the response of three different stages (one, three and five leaf pairs) of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Orazio) seedlings to five inoculation levels of Meloidogyne enterolobii (zero (control), 300, 1000, 3000 and 10000) under greenhouse conditions. Each plant was cultivated in one pot filled with 3.8 L of substrate. The test was a completely randomized design with four replications. The plants were assessed 60 days after inoculation, plant shoot weight, final population of nematodes, and reproduction factor were measured. The results were fitted to Seinhorst model: Y = m + (1-m). ZPi –T. The results showed a tolerance limit (T) of 2,500 nematodes for plants with one and three leaf pair, and 8,500 nematodes for the five-leaf pair plant.

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