APPROPRIATING THE PAST: TWENTIETH-CENTURY RECONSTRUCTION OF PRE-MODERN ISLAMIC THOUGHT

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Dallal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Legal Code ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Subject

AbstractThis essay examines the writings of the famous twentieth-century salafī, Rashīd Ridā, in which he discussed and reconstructed the views of Shawkānī, one of the leading thinkers of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-centuries, on the subject of legal analogy (qiyās). Shawkānī had opposed the introduction of new laws through qiyās on the grounds that it arrogates to humans a right to legislate which is reserved to God. Ridā, however, mistakenly implied that Shawkānī had advocated a separation between 'ibādāt and mu'āmalāt, allowing the use of qiyās in the latter case. I argue that Ridā's reconstruction of Shawkānī was driven by his desire to find Islamic models that corresponded to the European institutions of the nation state: in an age in which the powers of the nation state were increasing dramatically, a jurisdiction that covered "all aspects of life" would have seemed more appropriate to Ridā than a legal code which does not purport to exhaust all aspects of this life.

scholarly journals Māori Urban Migrations and Identities, ‘Ko Ngā Iwi Nuku Whenua’: A study of Urbanisation in the Wellington Region during the Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Erin Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Migration Experiences

<p>Māori urbanisation and urban migrations have been the subject of much discussion and research, especially following World War Two when Māori individuals, whānau and communities increasingly became residents of towns and cities that were overwhelmingly Pākehā populated. However, Māori urbanisation experiences and urban migrations are difficult topics to address because kaumātua are reluctant to discuss ‘urban Māori’, especially considering its implications for Māori identities. The original contribution this thesis makes to histories of Māori urban migrations is that it explores these and other understandings of urbanisations to discover some of their historical influences. By discussing urbanisations directly with kaumātua and exploring historical sources of Māori living in, and moving to, the urban spaces of Wellington and the Hutt Valley through the twentieth century, this thesis is a ‘meeting place’ for a range of perspectives on the meanings of urbanisations from the past and the present. Although urbanisation was an incredible time of material change for the individuals and whānau who chose to move into cities such as Wellington, the histories of urban migration experiences exist within a scope of Māori and iwi worldviews that gave rise to multiple experiences and understandings of urbanisations. The Wellington region is used to show that Māori in towns and cities used Māori social and cultural forms in urban areas so that they could, through the many challenges of becoming urban-dwelling, ensure the persistence of their Māoritanga. Urbanisations also allowed Māori to both use traditional identities in urban areas, as well as develop new relationships modelled on kinship. The Ngāti Pōneke community is used as an example of the complex interactions between these identities and how many Māori became active residents in but not conceptually ‘of’ cities. As a result, the multiple and layered Māori identities that permeate throughout Māori experiences of the present and the past are important considerations in approaching and discussing urbanisations. Urban Māori communities have emphasised the significance of varied and layered Māori identities, and this became particularly pronounced through the Māori urban migrations of the twentieth century.</p>

scholarly journals Between Warrior Brother and Veiled Sister

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-128
Author(s):  
Minoo Derayeh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Colonial Modernity ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The Many

This book examines the construction of gender and patriarchy in Iran duringthe onset of modernity, the Islamic revolution of 1979, and the post-revolutionera. Among the many works published by prominent scholars of Islamand Iranian women’s studies, Minoo Moallem’s investigation of the constructionof gender by neo-colonial modernity and political movements of anationalist or fundamentalist orientation deserves special attention.Inspired by Michel Foucault as well as Caren Kaplan and InderpalGrewal, Moallem incorporates a post-modern and a transnational feministapproach by arguing that post-modernity should be used as a framework tostudy the growth of modernity (p. 20). Challenging the popular belief thatfundamentalism is a return to the roots and early periods of a tradition or aculture, she finds it “in dialogue with modernity” (p. 13) and thus arguesthat the Islamic fundamentalism observed in the twentieth century is a postmodernizationphenomenon; in her words, “a by-product of the process ofmodernization” (ibid.). Nevertheless, she does not actually consider fundamentalismto be a truly post-modern phenomenon, since it does not respectthe “concept of difference,” as is the case with nationalism.Moallem questions the stereotypes presented by the travelers and foreigndiplomats of the late-eighteenth to early-twentieth centuries concerningthe harem, the veil, women, and so on. She challenges their vantage point increating “otherness” and portraying Islam as barbaric. Although manyworks deal with women, patriarchy, and the construction of gender under thePahlavis, the author offers a new reading and shows how the two rulers’forceful steps in the name of modernization and progress led to the establishmentof a nation-state in which each individual – man or woman – wassocialized to perform his/her role according to the “natural and social divisionof labour” (p. 74).Her work is timely, especially now when Islamic fundamentalism isdefined and analyzed by the politics of power through the global media. Inthe case or jihad, for instance, the author states that for fundamentalists, andmore specifically in Ayatullah Khomeini’s view, there are two types of jihad: ...

scholarly journals The Subject – A Key Element of the Fugue Form during the 20th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Gabriela Vlahopol
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Significant Phenomenon ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tonal System ◽  
Musical Forms

Abstract The great stylistic epochs of the past mostly had syntaxes and specific forms, escaping in the context of the application of polyphonic syntax to the tonal system. The twentieth century, characterized by a continuous mobility and search in the field of the musical language, does not intend to create new musical forms but takes preexisting patterns, which adapt to the creative contexts specific to the composers. Thus, despite the blurring of some of the fundamental elements, other factors of configuration and construction were maintained and amplified, as well as the particular phenomenon, the most significant phenomenon being the development of the thematic principle, which will have its particular manifestations in the fugue form, the diversity of its interpretations bearing the mark of some new directions.

: British Public Administration

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hood
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Rigour ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Phoenix

This chapter discusses three possible interpretations of the development of British Public Administration over the twentieth century as a way of assessing its contribution to political science. Those interpretations are respectively labelled ‘dodo’, ‘phoenix’, and ‘chameleon’. The ‘dodo’ interpretation is a pessimistic fin de siècle view of British Public Administration as in serious decline from early promise and former greatness. The ‘phoenix’ interpretation is a more optimistic perception of the subject as advancing in scientific rigour and conceptual sophistication over the century, leaving behind the outmoded styles of the past. A third view, the ‘chameleon’ interpretation, is a picture of lateral transformation, with the adoption of new intellectual colouring and markings to fit a new era.

Residential segregation in the American metropolis: concentration, dispersion and dominance

Urban History ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Zunz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Clustering Patterns

Measuring residential segregation is a challenging and crucial task. Many important questions in urban history can be understood fully only after correctly assessing the importance and significance of the clustering patterns of different groups of urbanites. However, the extent to which and the ways in which various social classes, races, and ethnic groups congregated in the expanding industrial metropolis of nineteenth-century America form the subject of heated debates among historians. With large black ghettos now existing in all major cities, experts and lay citizens alike agree that Americans live in a ‘separated society’. In the first half of the twentieth century, metropolitan areas took the form of ghettoized central cities with white suburbs. With the transfer of many urban functions to suburban units, and the shift of America from a nation of urbanites to a nation of suburbanites, a complex pattern of suburban segregation also developed. The universal concern about the magnitude of today's segregation makes the historical debate intriguing. Was it once different? Was there a time when cities were integrated? At some time in the past, many believe, American cities were better places in which to live—hence we should strive to recover our lost community.

British Royal and Japanese Imperial Relations, 1868-2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kornicki ◽  
Antony Best ◽  
Hugh Cortazzi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Japan Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meiji Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
Memorial Volume ◽  
Extensive Bibliography

This new scholarly study examines the history of the relations between the British and Japanese monarchies over the past 150 years. Complemented by a significant plate section which includes a number of rarely seen images, as well as a chronology of royal/imperial visits and extensive bibliography, British Royal and Japanese Imperial Relations, 1868-2018, will become a benchmark reference on the subject. The volume is divided into three sections. Part I, by Peter Kornicki, examines the ‘royals and imperials’ history during the Meiji era; Part II, by Antony Best, examines the first half of the twentieth century; Part III, by Sir Hugh Cortazzi, focuses on the post-war history up to the present day. Published in association with the Japan Society, its appearance marks the abdication of Emperor Akihito and the enthronement of Crown Prince Naruhito in May 2019. It is also a memorial volume to the late Sir Hugh Cortazzi who died in August 2018, shortly after completing his own contribution to the volume.

Religious stigmatization: an historical and psychophysiological enquiry

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Whitlock ◽  
J. V. Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Medical Investigations

SYNOPSISThe historical accounts of religious stigmatization occurring during the past 750 years have been surveyed, with more detailed attention being given to late nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical investigations of some well-known cases. A case showing some features of religious stigmatization is described. The possible relationship of the phenomena of religious stigmatization to disease and psychophysiological processes in the subject is examined.

Trials of the Past: A Theoretical Approach to State Centralisation in Afghanistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Aidan Parkes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
German Sociologist

German sociologist Max Weber observes that the centralisation of administrative function is imperative to a stable nation state. Yet, despite this sovereign necessity, attempts at incorporating heterogeneous sociopolitical entities into a cohesive society eluded nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani is known as the father of Afghanistan. He bears this title because he unified a collection of tribes and established a pseudo-confederation of territories in 1747. However, the following two centuries were less constructive and subsequent state centralisation was fraught and ultimately fruitless for Afghanistan. Contemporaneous centralisation remains embryonic and strained by tribal clout. It is within this context that nineteenth- and twentieth-century Afghan amirs, khans, and kings attempted to modernise, centralise, and unify a consortium of conservative tribal microsocieties. Many of the same complications of the nineteenth and twentieth century continue to obfuscate modern Afghanistan.

Comments on “Challenges Facing African Universities”

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
William Saint
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African History ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
African Higher Education ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Near Future

In tackling the topic of current challenges to African universities, Akilagpa Sawyerr has chosen to paint with a broad brush. While giving appropriate acknowledgment to the diversity and complexity of prevailing circumstances in each country, he has elected to focus on a limited number of important issues that he believes constitute, in varying degrees, common challenges to universities across the continent. In electing this approach, he shows a preference for illuminating the dynamic interrelationships among these challenges, and for situating them with regard to some of the larger economic and political forces that have shaped African history in the latter part of the twentieth century. In consequence, he necessarily foregoes in-depth analysis of specific issues. To provide such analysis would require a book, which I sincerely hope Prof. Sawyerr will undertake in the near future.What is valuable about this article? I would like to underscore three aspects.First, it provides a clear overview of the main challenges that have confronted African higher education, especially during the past decade, together with helpful interpretations of the causes and consequences of these events. It also incorporates much of the very recent explosion of research on this topic, particularly by African scholars. The bibliography itself is a valuable resource for those interested in the subject.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CRAFT INTO MODERN ARTISTIC BLACKSMITHING

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rohotchenko
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
The State ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Audio Recording ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Art Critics

The subject of the study is the author's special culturological approach to the development of modern domestic artistic blacksmithing, that is based on specific examples of the use of traditions and the involvement of innovative components in the development of blacksmithing. The article highlights the historical stages of development of blacksmithing as a craft of the past and its transformation into modern art. The purpose of the study is to try to determine the factors that directly influenced the overall formation of the state of modern Ukrainian blacksmithing.The methodology of the study is based on the principles of creative activity of blacksmiths, the study of scientific works of modern blacksmith theorists, art critics, culturologists and is aimed at comprehensive awareness of the specialized link of fine arts - artistic blacksmithing of Ukraine in the last third of the twentieth century to the present day and the factors that influenced the process of destruction and revival of ancient craft. Methods that were applied in the course of the study are comparative-historical, typological, systemic, analytical, source-critical. The author also used an interviewing method involving audio recording to create a database.Key words: Artistic blacksmithing, blacksmith, art, traditions, innovations.

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