WHO GETS IT WHEN YOU GO: THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE ENDING OF HOUSEHOLDS (JUEHU) IN THE SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian McKnight
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
The Family ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Legal Consequences

AbstractIn imperial China the normal pattern for the passing on of property across generations, giving assets to daughters as dowry at marriage and bequeathing the family estate in equal portions to sons upon the deaths of the parents, was distorted when both parents died without there being a living son, a situation called the extinguishing of the household (jeuhu). Under some dynasties the state attempted to deal with this phenomenon by mandating the posthumous adoption of sons, but during the Song (960-1279 C.E.) the government accepted the fact of the frequent ending of household (and family) lines, and established an elaborate set of laws and policies to assure the orderly transfer of assets. Song policy in this regard was prompted by the state's desire to avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the rich and the potential loss of tax revenues. Song policies both reflected and supported two social trends, the increasing independence of smaller stem family units from the influence of larger kin groupings and the increasing control of property by women, because most of those receiving juehu assets were women.

Connecting with the Local, or Not: The Song Emperor’s Terrace

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-119
Author(s):  
Helena Y.W. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Cultural Icon ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Late Nineteenth

By taking the Song Emperor’s Terrace as the main object of analysis, Chapter 4 takes a step into history. The Terrace was once a popular cultural icon, for that it was valorized as a rock that stood witness to the royal visit paid to Hong Kong by the last two Song emperors at the end of the Song Dynasty in the thirteenth century—because of this event, the terrace became an oft-cited chanting object among the émigré-literati who fled China to Hong Kong during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. To vent frustration at the loss of their home(land), nostalgia for ancient (Imperial) China and adherence to virtues such as loyalty and filial piety, the Terrace became a place of gathering for these literati in everyday life and an object that frequently appeared in their creative works, ranging from verses, calligraphy to paintings. With an eye to the special bond between the émigré-literati and the rock and David Der-wei Wang’s notion of “post-loyalism”, this chapter challenges the presumed collectivity of this literati community by unfolding their varying political aspirations, worldviews and connections to “Hong Kong” through the relationships they constructed with the rock.

Women Rulers in Imperial China

NAN Nü ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Women Rulers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tang Dynasty ◽  
Imperial China

“Women Rulers in Imperial China”is about the history and characteristics of rule by women in China from the Han dynasty to the Qing, especially focusing on the Tang dynasty ruler Wu Zetian (625-705) and the Song dynasty Empress Liu. The usual reason that allowed a woman to rule was the illness, incapacity, or death of her emperor-husband and the extreme youth of his son the successor. In such situations, the precedent was for a woman to govern temporarily as regent and, when the heir apparent became old enough, hand power to him. But many women ruled without being recognized as regent, and many did not hand power to the son once he was old enough, or even if they did, still continued to exert power. In the most extreme case, Wu Zetian declared herself emperor of her own dynasty. She was the climax of the long history of women rulers. Women after her avoided being compared to her but retained many of her methods of legitimization, such as the patronage of art and religion, the use of cosmic titles and vocabulary, and occasional gestures of impersonating a male emperor. When women ruled, it was an in-between time when notions and language about something that was not supposed to be nevertheless took shape and tested the limits of what could be made acceptable.

A Neighbourless Empire? The Forgotten Diplomatic Tradition of Imperial China

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørnar Sverdrup-Thygeson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
State System ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
State Relations

Summary In the diplomatic canon, where the field has been demarcated by a central distinction drawn between suzerain and parity-based state relations, Imperial China has squarely been designated to the former category, and thereby as inherently alien to the diplomatic tradition. However, this image of a monolithic 2000-year-long rigid, hierarchical system betrays a too shallow assessment of Chinese history, and fails to acknowledge a noteworthy strain of parity-based relations running through Imperial Chinese foreign policy. This strain was at its most pronounced during the four centuries of the Song Dynasty, where China’s relations with a set of important neighbouring states were handled on egalitarian terms that were far more reminiscent of a full-fledged diplomatic multi-state system than what is popularly acknowledged. Based on a case study of the diplomatic relations of the Song Dynasty, this article argues that Imperial Chinese foreign policy on a set of occasions showed itself to adhere to principles immanent to classical diplomacy, and that these eras thus should naturally, and beneficially, belong to the historical canon of diplomacy.

scholarly journals 張仲景醫學倫理學思想述評

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Jinhai YAN ◽  
Yanjie PENG ◽  
Yue YANG
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.東漢時代的張仲景是中醫歷史最重要的醫家之一，被稱之為中國的希波克拉底。其名著《傷寒雜病論》成為中華醫學最重要的經典。在該書的序言中，張仲景系統闡述了其醫學倫理思想和行醫原則。認為醫師行醫的前提是實踐對自我與族群生命的熱愛；行醫的橋樑是用人類理性去發現健康與疾病的規律及控制的手段；行醫的準則是對醫術的認真與創新的態度。就其醫學倫理思想而言，張仲景醫學倫理的基本框架與中國傳統的儒家思想相吻合，反映了醫儒同道的精神。其思想對宋代以後“醫學儒化”的風尚具有一定的影響。作者認為，張仲景醫學倫理學亦對構建當代中國生命倫理學的構建具有啟發意義。Zhang Zongjing (150-219), known as the Chinese Hippocrates, was one of the most eminent physicians in China during the Han Dynasty. In the Shanghailun, a famous treatise on cold pathogenic diseases, Zhang not only described past medicinal discoveries but provided regulations for contemporary medical practice. The Shanghailun is thus an important text for scholars of the history of traditional Chinese medicine. The treatise was privately transmitted with no public acknowledgment until the Jin Dynasty (265-420), when it was re-edited and rearranged. The treatise received more attention and became increasingly popular during the Song Dynasty, when a Confucian basis for medical practice was endorsed by the government. Zhang has since been regarded as a sage of Chinese medicine. The Shanghailun also became part of the compulsory curriculum at China’s Imperial Medical Academy. Zhang has a special status in the history of Chinese medicine due to his efforts to create an orthodox system of medical practice in line with the Confucian (Ru) tradition.In this paper, Zhang Zongjing’s major ideas on medical ethics and practice are explored. The author illustrates the critical role played by Zhang’s approach to medicine in the later Confucianization of medicine during the Song Dynasty, which in turn created the ideal of the traditional Confucian physician. The author also compares the ethical views of Zhang Zongjing with those of Sun Simiao (541-682), another key figure in the history of traditional Chinese medicine, who combined Confucian ethics with the moral teachings of Daoism and Buddhism.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 237 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Family and Lineage in Late Imperial China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Faure ◽  
Xi He
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Late Imperial China ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Standard Practices

Like all peoples, Chinese people value their families. Unlike many other peoples, they see them in the wider context of their lineages, that is to say, in terms of descent lines traced from their ancestors. Although it is sometimes said that such ideas about the family and lineage had early origins, in early times only the families of the ruling elite (the “great clans”) traced their descent lines. For the majority of Chinese people, the tracing of descent beyond the family began no earlier than the Song dynasty, from about the 10th century. The practice spread together with ritual changes that governed sacrifice to ancestors. Again, while beliefs in the efficacy of ancestors to bring about good or bad fortune had been present from ancient times, it was in the Song that standard practices were established on how and what commoner families could sacrifice to their ancestors. Those practices were proposed by scholars and officials in opposition to Daoist and, especially, Buddhist practices that had been prevalent. It took several centuries for the alternative, neo-Confucian rituals to take hold, and even then, they supplemented rather than replaced the practices that the neo-Confucians opposed. In this process, the fundamental principles that underpinned both family and lineage, the ideals of filial piety and of cohabitation and property-sharing, the subordination of women to men, even the manner by which ancestors themselves may be tracked and the properties held for sacrificing to them, took many turns that combined secular, utilitarian purposes and a deeply religious view of the connections between ancestors and their descendants.

scholarly journals MILITARY INSTITUTIONS AS A DEFINING FEATURE OF THE SONG DYNASTY

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-295
Author(s):  
Peter Lorge
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Military Policy ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Government Bureaucracy ◽  
Military Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

AbstractAlthough the standard narrative of the Song dynasty is one of civil dominance over the military within the government and society, the institutional development of the government bureaucracy argues for a more nuanced description. The martial side of the government achieved parity in size with the civil side during the Song, exclusive of the army and its bureaucracy. Literati with civil exam degrees filled most of the upper ranks of this martial bureaucracy and therefore occupied themselves with martial, rather than civil, concerns on a day to day basis. A significant number of important civil literati spent most of their time on military tasks and military policy. Functionally then, in contrast to their ideology, many civil literati were militarized by their roles in the bureaucracy while they were controlling it.

Theory and Practice on Lending Risk Control by the Government in the Song Dynasty

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 986-1000
Author(s):  
Jianbo Zhou ◽  
Ruixin Wang ◽  
Jiantao Zhou ◽  
Yuheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Risk Control ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
The Government

An Economic Cycle in Imperial China? Revisiting Robert Hartwell on Iron and Coal

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Wright
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Global History ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Per Capita

AbstractRobert Hartwell's article published in 1967 in this journal has had an extensive influence in both Chinese and global history. The present article reviews the reception and use made of Hartwell's arguments by secondary sources over the last forty years. It focuses on three aspects: the Song economic revolution; Hartwell's quantitative estimate for iron production; and Hartwell's proposition that coal and iron production and consumption peaked in the Song dynasty, at least on a per capita basis. It argues that a consistent set of estimates are needed for coal and iron development over the last thousand years of imperial Chinese history. En 1967 Robert Hartwell publia un article dans ce journal qui a fortement influencé l'historiographie chinoise et mondiale. Cette contribution passe en revue l'acceptation et l'utilisation des arguments de Hartwell qu'on trouve dans les sources secondaires parues depuis quarante ans. Elle traite surtout de trois aspects de sa thèse, la révolution économique sous les Song; l'estimation quantitative de la production de fer, et la proposition qui veut que la production et la consommation du charbon et du fer par tête furent maximales sous la dynastie Song. La contribution témoigne de la nécessité de disposer d'une série cohérente d'estimations traitant du développement du charbon et du fer durant le dernier millénium de l'histoire de la Chine impériale.

A STUDY OF FAMILY ADVOCATE LAWS AND POLICIES IN IRAN (POST-ISLAMIC REVOLUTION)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
SEYEDEH REZVANEH MOKHTARI ◽  
◽  
BEHROOZ MOKHTARI ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Indirect Connection ◽  
The Family ◽  
Legal Policies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Laws And Policies

The study of social developments in Iran indicates slow but wide-ranging changes in recent years. With the Islamic Revolution (1979), Iranian society gradually faced increasing waves of fundamental cultural changes. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as the crossroads of Islam and modern law, considers the family as the fundamental unit of society and a sacred institution and therefore has always advocated “family. Based upon the tenth article of the Iranian constitution all laws, legal measures, regulations, and planning related to the family must be based on Islamic law and ethics (Islamic sharia) in order to facilitate its formation, protect its sanctity and strengthen family relations. The number of laws and policies and bills that were introduced in the period after the victory of the Islamic Revolution and in direct or indirect connection with the family institution is proof of this claim. This qualitative research has studied those policies and laws (1979 to 2020) that have represented the aim of advocating “Family”. Critical analysis has been used in the text as amethod of research. According to the results of the analysis, while “Governmental” reactions to “Family” issues have been mostly of economic essence and conservative approach, “Judicial” reactions have remained more responsible in case of addressing the contemporary problems of the “Family” institution. It is noteworthy that a review of legal policies shows that changes in the institution of the family have been identified by the government. A finding that shows the relative independence of the legal sphere from the sphere of government action. After the Iranian revolution, policies and programs have been implemented to support the family in the face of the challenges of modernization. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to study the changes and developments of the family in the context of law and policy making and its impact on Iranian policy in the field of family.

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