DOES LACHISH LETTER 4 CONTRADICT JEREMIAH XXXIV 7?

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-174
Author(s):  
Ze'ev Begin
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Interpretation

AbstractAccording to Jer. xxxiv 7, the Babylonian army, while advancing towards Jerusalem ca. 589 B.C.E., conquered all Judean fortresses except for Azekah and Lachish. On the other hand, the contemporary Lachish letter 4 was interpreted as signifying that Azekah had fallen into the hands of the Babylonians before the letter had been sent to Lachish from a nearby fortress. A fourth century B.C.E. ostracon indicates that that fortress could be Maresha. Since there is no line of vision between Maresha and Azekah, the dramatic interpretation of the Lachish letter 4 should be rejected and thus the letter does not contradict Jer. xxxiv 7. A new interpretation to the Lachish letter 4 is proposed, from which the main conclusion is that the defenders of Maresha, being unable to see Azekah, looked out southwards for the signals from Lachish in order to afford themselves an early warning of an attack from the north.

Attitudes to reform: political parties in Ulster and the Irish land bill of 1881

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (95) ◽  
pp. 327-340
Author(s):  
Francis Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
History Of

The Irish land act of 1881, it is generally agreed, was a victory for the Land League and Parnell, and nationalist policy with regard to the act and the attitude of southern tenants towards it have been many times subjected to detailed examination by historians of this period. In these analyses of the events of 1880–81, however, little reference is normally made to the part played by the different parties and interests in the north of the country. It is often assumed, for example, that the Ulster tenants held aloof from the campaign for reform, lending no more than occasional vocal support to the agitational efforts of tenants in the south and west. Indeed, they were later excoriated by William O'Brien, Michael Davitt and others not only for giving no support to the land movement but also for sabotaging Parnell's policy of testing the 1881 act by precipitately rushing into the land courts to take advantage of the new legislation: ‘that hard-fisted body of men, having done nothing themselves to win the act, thought of nothing but turning it to their own immediate use, and repudiating any solidarity with the southern and western rebels to whom they really owed it’. If, however, northern tenants were harshly judged by nationalist politicians in the years after 1881, the part played by the northern political parties in the history of the land bill has been either ignored or misunderstood by historians since that time. The Ulster liberals, for example, are rarely mentioned, the implication being that they made no contribution to the act even though it implemented almost exactly the programme on which they had been campaigning for much of the previous decade. The northern conservatives, on the other hand, are commonly seen as leading opponents of the bill, more intransigent than their party colleagues in the south, ‘quick to denounce any weakening of the opposition’ to reform, and ‘determined to keep the tory party up to the mark in defending the landlord interest’

scholarly journals Ceramic finds from the Byzantine fort of Gradina on the island of Žirje

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Karađole ◽  
Igor Borzić
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Area

Repeated excavations of the area of the early Byzantine fort on Žirje, an island in the Šibenik archipelago, resulted in recovery of a substantial amount of movable finds, predominantly pottery. Most finds date to the period of Justinian's reconquista in the mid-6th century when the fort was used, but there are also some artifacts of earlier or later dating (Iron Age, Hellenistic and early Imperial periods; medieval and postmedieval periods) whose presence is explained by continuous strategic importance of the fort position. Late antique material has been analyzed comprehensively in terms of typology. Dating and provenance contexts of the finds have also been determined. Presence of pottery from the main production centers that supplied the eastern Adriatic at the time has been attested. This refers in particular to the north African and Aegean-eastern Mediterranean area providing fine tableware and kitchen pottery, lamps and various forms of amphorae. On the other hand, participation of local workshops in supply of the Byzantine soldiers stationed in Gradina probably relates to prevailing forms of kitchenware.

The Effect of γ-Pre-Irradiation on Recoil Phenomena in Crystals

1963 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. Dimotakis
Keyword(s):  
Isothermal Annealing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Irradiation Effect ◽  
Decomposition Reactions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Way

SummaryThe γ-pre-irradiation effect on the recombination of recoil cobalt atoms in some neutron irradiated crystalline cobaltic complexes was examined. The introduction of defects into the lattice by pre-irradiation seems to increase the initial retention and promotes the annealing phenomenon, though on the other hand radiolytic phenomena may also appear. Plots of isothermal annealing curves appear to indicate the existence of two or more parallel consecutive recombination-decomposition reactions. A kinetic interpretation of such mixed phenomena is also given. Complex kinetic phenomena also appear to be quite general in annealing processes for systems already studied by other authors. These systems, if examined in this light, may lead to a new interpretation as to the way in which recombination occurs during annealing.

Post Mortem Makes a Difference: On a Redescription of Euhemerism and Its Place in the Study of Graeco-Roman Divine Kingship

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 319-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nickolas P. Roubekas
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Theory Of Religion ◽  
Lost Work ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Divine Kingship

Abstract Euhemerus of Messene is one of the most popular ancient theorists of religion. In his now lost work Sacred Inscription he formulated a theory of religion by arguing that the Olympian gods were nothing more than prominent kings that were deified due to their benefactions to mankind. On the other hand, true divinity was to be found in the natural phenomena. However, this theory – known as euhemerism – has been (ab)used in many ways due to the different interpretative agendas of various authors and critics. In this paper I argue that euhemerism needs a new interpretation, a redescription, based primarily on a rereading of the text. In addition, by showing the different usages of the text by Euhemerus’s contemporaries and the early Christian writers, I argue that the connection of his theory with the practice of deification of kings in the Graeco-Roman world should be dismissed and reexamined by taking into account contemporary responses to his work that show that his theory was not meant as a justification for the deification of the Graeco-Roman kings.

A Historical Whodunit: The So-Called “Kano Chronicle” and its Place in the Historiography of Kano

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 127-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hunwick
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Murray Last obliquely suggests that [the “Kano Chronicle”] is best regarded as a rather free compilation of local legends and traditions drafted in the mid-seventeenth century by a humorous Muslim rationalist who almost seems to have studied under Levi-Strauss.The danger lies in being carried away by one's own ingenuity.The question of the authorship and date(s) of writing of the so-called “Kano Chronicle” (KC) and hence how historians should evaluate it as a source, have intrigued students of Kano (and wider Hausa) history since the work was first translated into English by H. R. Palmer in 1908. Palmer himself had the following to say:The manuscript is of no great age, and must on internal evidence have been written during the latter part of the decade 1883-1893; but it probably represents some earlier record which has now perished….The authorship is unknown, and it is very difficult to make a guess. On the one hand the general style of the composition is quite unlike the “note” struck by the sons of Dan Hodio [ʿUthmān b. Fūdī, Abdulahi and Muḥammad Bello, and imitated by other Fulani writers. There is almost complete absence of bias or partizanship…. On the other hand, the style of the Arabic is not at all like that usually found in the compositions of Hausa mallams of the present day; there are not nearly enough “classical tags” so to speak, in it…. That the author was thoroughly au fait with the Kano dialect of Hausa is evident from several phrases used in the book, for instance “ba râyi ba” used in a sense peculiar to Kano of “perforce.” The original may perhaps have been written by some stranger from the north who settled in Kano, and collected the stories of former kings handed down by oral tradition.

CIETRZEW W POLSCE – MOŻLIWOŚCI ZACHOWANIA POPULACJI

2019 ◽  
Vol XII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Robert Kamieniarz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black Grouse ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Regional Projects ◽  
North Eastern Part

In 1995 the black grouse was registered in the Polish list of protected species. The national black grouse protection plan has been prepared and a few regional projects of the conservation of grouse and its areas of occurrence have been implemented. Unfortunately, adverse trends have not been turned back in the majority of regions. On the other hand, the population occurrence area has even increased locally in the mountains. The registered changes in the area of black grouse occurrence indicate that this species has the greatest chance of survival in some mountain areas in the southern part of Poland and locally in lowlands in the north-eastern part of the country. However, it is necessary to stop and reverse the unfavourable environmental changes which have been registered in areas of black grouse occurrence.

Iranian Elements in Khowar

1936 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 657-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Morgenstierne
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Khowar, the predominant language of Chitral and of the adjacent parts of the Gilgit district, is characterized on the one hand by a tenacious preservation of ancient IA. sounds, forms, and words, and on the other hand by the existence of a remarkably large number of foreign elements. According to Sir George Grierson, Khowar “in some essential particulars agrees rather with the Ghalcha languages to the north”. And, drawing attention to the fact that the Chitral valley was formerly inhabited by Kalashas, he expresses the opinion that the originally homogeneous Dardic population of Kafiristan, Chitral, and Gilgit “was subsequently split into two by a wedge of Khō invasion, representing members of a different, but related, tribe coming from the north [of the Hindukush]”. In whatever way one may be inclined to interpret the position there can be no doubt that Kho., when compared with the neighbouring Dardic dialects, presents many peculiarities which deserve our attention.

scholarly journals THE SOUTH-EASTERN BORDER REGION OF THE HITTITE STATE

2016 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
ROBERT GHAZARYAN
Keyword(s):  
Border Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Euphrates Valley ◽  
Important Position ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Armenian Highland

Tegarama was one of the eastern lands of the Hittite Kingdom. In the geographic sense it is part of the Armenian Highland that is why its history is of special interest to us. Taking into account the fact that the Armenian people had considerable ethnic ties with the Upper Euphrates region, specialists have traditionally tended to identify “Home of Torgom” in the Trans Euphrates region together with the city Tegarama (Assyrian Til-Garimmu) mentioned from the 2nd millennium BC. “Home of Torgom” literally repeats Bet-Togarma mentioned in the Bible. The study of the history of the country of Tegarama is also important because in Armenian historiography, starting from Movses Khorenatsi, Armenian ancestor Hayk is called “Son of Torgom”, and the Armenian people - “People of Torgom”. Most of the researchers located Tegarama in the place of the present settlement Gyurun. By comparing the “Cappadocian”, Hittite and Assyrian sources, Tegarama can be located in the Upper Euphrates valley, on the right bank of the river, to the north of Kargamis, to the west of Isuwa, to the south of Upper Land and to the east of Kanes. The territory of Tegarama was not far from Nesa - one of the initial centers of the Hittites; and it was also one of the initial places of inhabitance of the Hittites. Tegarama also occupied a strategically important position. On the one hand it bordered on the country of Mitanni, on the other hand - on Isuwa. Thus, the country of Tegarama occupied a significant geographic position: on the one hand roads led from here to other western districts of the Armenian Highland, to Tsopk, and on the other hand - to Northern Syria and Northern Mesopotamia. It was also one of the spiritual centers of Hatti.

scholarly journals WATER: ISLAM NORMS AND SCIENCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Iksan Sahri Kamil
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ritual Activity ◽  
Basic Need ◽  
New Interpretation

Classic Moslem scholars discussed the water on starting chapters in their books. It is shown how important the water in Moslems attention as a basic need that Moslem must know. The water in Islam can be disputed in two terms. First, in the ecology perspective, second, in the mahdhah ritual perspective.  In the first one, the concept imagines the water as a basic condition for life being and human as khalifah Allah fi al-Ardh. This contains ecology perspective. And the other one is for ritual condition in Islam ethic (ilm al-fiqh). Ilm al-fiqh or Islam ethic said that the water is a basic material for removing hadath (forbidden situation for taking Islamic mahdhah ritual) and cleaning najasat (the dirty materials in shariah perspective). In other hand, sciences make a new way to understand Al-quran and al-sunnah as a new interpretation of Al-quran specially in nature and all creations in universe and ritual activity in sciences prespective

scholarly journals The Linguistic Landscape of Palestinian C Towns: The Case of Shop Signs in Huwwara

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-171
Author(s):  
Montaser Motia Ujvari
Keyword(s):  
West Bank ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
The West ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Symbolic Function ◽  
Main Street ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand

This study looks at the linguistic landscape in Huwwara, a Palestinian town in the north of the West Bank located in Area C, which is, in line with the Oslo II accord, under Israeli control. Two areas on the main street of Huwwara were investigated: Huwwara center and Huwwara outskirts. Bottom-up signs in both areas were classified according to the languages they were written in. The signs were further classified according to language choice on the signs of businesses in each area. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of different languages in the linguistic landscape of a Palestinian town where Arabic, English and Hebrew are in contact. A total of 297 signs were analysed. It was found that Arabic is the most prevalent language in the linguistic landscape in the two investigated areas. In addition, it was found that there is a strong presence of Hebrew on the outskirts of Huwwara, mainly on signs of automotive and household businesses. English, on the other hand, was found to have a moderate presence in Huwwara with no difference between the two areas investigated. These results suggest that the use of Arabic has both an informational and a symbolic function, whilst the use of Hebrew has an informational function, and the use of English has a symbolic function.

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