THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROOMING AMONG FEMALE PRIMATES: TESTING HYPOTHESES WITH THE SHANNON-WIENER DIVERSITY INDEX

Behaviour ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
pp. 1517-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario S. Di Bitetti
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) has been used to characterize grooming relationships among adult female primates. To make comparisons among different groups, the value of H has been divided by the maximum value it can reach for a particular group size. This ratio, the grooming diversity ratio (GDR), has been used to test predictions from hypotheses that may explain the distribution of social relationships among adult female primates. Using grooming data from different primate populations and random computer simulations I show that the mean value of H and GDR are positively affected by the ln of the mean number of grooming bouts recorded per dyad (LnMNBD) and negatively by the coefficient of variation in the frequency of grooming bouts recorded for the females within a group (CV). These two variables reflect the combined effect of sampling effort and the rate of interactions among individuals (and their variance) and should be statistically controlled to make sensible use of H or GDR. After controlling for LnMNBD and CV, I found no significant effect of female group size, the degree of female involvement in inter-group encounters and the patterns of female dispersal on the mean value of GDR. The socioecological model of female social relationships (Sterck et al., 1997) predicts that groups categorized as resident-egalitarian should have higher GDRs than resident-nepotistic ones. I find some support for this prediction when using a data set where some species contributed more than one data point but not when using mean values per species as in the previous analyses. This result may be confounded by a phylogenetic effect: langurs seem to have more diverse relationships than other primates. Data from more species are necessary to corroborate these results and to disentangle the effect of phylogeny from that of the social categories since most monkey groups characterized as resident-egalitarian were langurs.

Fully Automated Identification of Dysplastic Neutrophil in Peripheral Blood Using the Positional Parameters Provided by the Coulter LH750 Analyzer.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 4904-4904
Author(s):  
Gina Zini ◽  
Mariagrazia Garzia ◽  
Antonella Di Mario ◽  
Bianca Maria Ricerca ◽  
Paola Piccioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Automated Identification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Internal Cell ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The hematology analyzer Coulter LH750 provides WBC differential counts using the VCS technology, which combines three simultaneous measurements (Volume, Conductivity, Scatter) to classify circulating blood cells. Cell volume and internal cell structure (opacity) are detected, respectively, by applying a low frequency direct current (DC) and a high frequency alternative (RF) current. The light scattered at different angles between 10° and 70°, on the other hand, is proportional to cell size, granularity, surface topography and reflectance. The system also provides for the main four WBC subtypes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils) a set of data called ‘positional parameters’ (PP). They express the mean value and the standard deviation (SD) of the three VCS measurements. We focused our study to the analysis of PP of the neutrophil population in normal and in pathological samples in order to: i) evaluate any correspondence with morphology and ii) determine the predictivity of changes in these parameters for the presence of morphological abnormalities. We analysed 100 samples from healthy subjects, 59 males and 41 females, age ranged from 2 years to 79 years, (25 children, 75 adults) to define our neutrophil reference PP ranges. We found a mean volume of 151,7 (SD ± 22,5), a mean opacity of 143,9 (SD ± 7,4) and a mean scatter of 142,19 (SD ± 13,1), without consistent differences due to age or sex. Our results do agree with those found in the literature. In normal samples we could not observe, as expected, any morphological abnormality at the microscope. Thereafter we also analyzed 16 samples from patients with bacterial pneumonitis. Their PP showed a moderate increase in the mean volume (168,9 with SD ± 24,1), a normal value of opacity and a slight decrease of the mean scatter (138,2 with SD ±14.4). Microscope analysis showed granulocytes with normal morphology, sometimes with toxic granules and the presence of band forms and metamyelocytes above 7%. The analysis of the PP of 11 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia at diagnosis showed an increase in the mean volume (160,1) with a consistently highly SD (± 33,4); opacity (142,8 with SD ± 11,7) and scatter (143,9 with SD ± 12,3) were normal. At the microscope the morphology of neutrophils was normal, with the presence of circulating immature granulocytes (range 22–28%). Finally we analyzed samples from N 28 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (14 RA, 5 RC, 9 RAEB Type 1). Circulating granulocytes showed a great increase in the mean volume with a wide dispersion (178,2 with SD ± 35,6 ), a decreased mean opacity (132 with SD ± 8,3) and very low mean scatter value (119,9 with SD ± 12,4). At microscope neutrophils showed characteristic dysplastic features, such as abnormal nuclear segmentation, chromatin clumping and hypogranularity. Our study demonstrates the Coulter LH750 PP are highly predictive of the presence of dysplastic neutrophils in the peripheral blood. We have found a peculiar data set (high volume with increased SD, low opacity and scatter with small SD) which is easily distinguishable from normal as well as from other types of neutrophil abnormalities, such as myloproliferative and bacterial diseases. These parameters are automatically available during the routine load of hematology laboratories and can be usefully utilized to screen and to early identify patients with mylodysplasia.

Characteristics of Phytoplankton Community Structure and Evaluation of Trophic State of Water Body in Bosten Lake

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 422-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Mu ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
He Ying Sun ◽  
Li Min Chu ◽  
Jia Li Wang
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Bosten Lake ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Synedra Acus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Richness Index

Bosten Lake was the largest inland freshwater lake in China. It is facing with a series of ecological problems nowadays. The phytoplankton and water samples of seventeen sampling sites in Bosten Lake were collected in September 2012. Results show that sixty-four species (genera) of phytoplankton, which belong to six phyla, are identified. The community structure of phytoplankton is dominated by Chlorophyta. The mean cell density of phytoplankton in whole lake is 8179.01×104cells·L-1 and Cyanophyta accounts for 94.71%. The dominant species are Chroococcus sp. and Synedra acus. In terms of Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Margalef richness index, Pielou evenness index and total nitrogen content, it is ascertained that trophic state of water body in Estuary and Pumping Station is between mesotrophication and eutrophication. While in the other districts, the water body is eutrophic. In addition, the eutrophic degree of water body in District IV is higher.

Factors Affecting Sampling Variability of Freshwater Periphyton and the Power of Periphyton Studies

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1695-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Morin ◽  
Antonella Cattaneo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sampling Unit ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Sampling Variability ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Artificial Streams ◽  
Size Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Strong Relationships

Estimates of periphyton abundance, biomass (as biovolume, chlorophyll, dry mass, or ash-free dry mass), and production were reanalyzed to examine the effect of the mean value, sampler size, type of substratum, and habitat on the variance of these estimates. There were strong relationships between the variance and the mean for all variables considered. Variability per sampling unit increased with sampler size for all variables except production and biovolume, which were both unaffected. Chlorophyll estimates were significantly less variable on artificial than on natural substrata, but this trend was not confirmed by other variables. For biovolume, the trend was reversed. Habitat affects periphyton variability only for some variables: production was more variable in streams than in lakes whereas chlorophyll was less variable in artificial streams than in any other habitat. Although periphyton tends to be less patchy than benthos, detection of small differences still requires a very intense sampling effort. Since the median replication is 3–10 in most published studies, only large differences can be detected with 95% probability, from twofold for the most precise variable (biovolume) to eightfold for the less precise variable (dry mass). Our ability to detect patterns in periphyton ecology is thus very limited.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Phytoplankton Community in Two Newly Dug Ponds in Institut Teknologi Sumatera

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Hendry Wijayanti ◽  
Andy Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Phytoplankton Diversity ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index

Phytoplankton community plays an important ecological role in the aquatic ecosystems as the primary producers and forms the fundament of the aquatic food chain for supporting the water community. Thus, the phytoplankton community structure is a good indicator of water quality due to its sensitiveness to environmental stresses. Two newly dug ponds in Institut Teknologi Sumatera may give an opportunity to study the early colonizing stages of various freshwater communities including phytoplankton. The study attempted to determine the composition and abundance of phytoplankton. Samples were collected from two ponds (A and C) in the reservoir water of Institut Teknologi Sumatera. The content of Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen (N), and Chlorophyll-a (algae biomass) were determined. Phytoplankton had higher diversity in Pond C than Pond A in the study period, in which a total of seven taxa were found, namely Bacillariophycea, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Gymnodiniaceae. The most species abundance of both ponds was Peridinium sp. and Trachelomonas sp. The Pond C had the highest mean value of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Linear mixed-effect model showed that low turbidity will result in high phytoplankton diversity. The finding of this study suggests that higher phytoplankton diversity would achieve a natural carrying capacity, and thus would serves as an indicator of ecosystem health.

scholarly journals Effect of Group Size on Field Metabolic Rate of Arabian Babblers Provisioning Nestlings

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Anava ◽  
Michael Kam ◽  
Amiram Shkolnik ◽  
A. Allan Degen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Field Metabolic Rate ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Primary Male

Abstract Arabian Babblers (Turdoides squamiceps; adult body mass 65–75 g) are territorial, cooperatively breeding passerines that inhabit hot, dry deserts. Groups include breeding adults and helpers and generally consist of 3 to 5 individuals (range 2 to 22). All group members provision nestlings at similar rates, and individual visitation rates decline with increasing group size. Consequently, we predicted that the field metabolic rate (FMR) of individuals provisioning nestlings would decrease with increasing group size. To test this prediction, we determined FMR of primary female, primary male, female helper and male helper babblers in different sized groups provisioning nestlings. Field metabolic rate of primary females, but not other classes, decreased linearly with group size. This energy savings could allow primary females in larger groups to start a new nest more quickly. FMR for all babblers was 61% to 66% of the value predicted for a passerine of its body mass provisioning nestlings and was 3.11 × BMR, similar to the mean value of 3.13 × BMR reported for a number of terrestrial species.

Structure of the breeding bird assemblage of a primeval alder swamp in the Šúr National Nature Reserve

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Korňan
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
National Nature Reserve ◽  
Study Plot ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bird Assemblage

AbstractThe structure of a breeding bird assemblage of a primeval alder swamp in the Šúr National Nature Reserve (the Danube Basin) was studied in the period 1992–1995. A 16 ha forest interior study plot was established for bird censusing. Population abundances were estimated by a combined version of the mapping method from the end of March to the beginning of July. Altogether, 42 breeders were recorded and the mean total density of species total across years was 125.15 ± 12.73 pairs/10 ha (CV = 10.17%). Two species were eudominant (≥ 10%): Sturnus vulgaris and Anas platyrhynchos, and six species were dominant (5% ≤ 10% <): Ficedula albicollis, Fringilla coelebs, Phylloscopus collybita, Parus major, Sylvia atricapilla, Erithacus rubecula. The Shannon diversity index (H′) varied between 3.98–4.10 bites. The evenness index (J′) reached values between 0.79–0.81. Expected species diversity in a random sample of 100 pairs calculated by rarefaction [E (S 100 pairs)] was 21.35 ± 0.92 species derived as a mean value from the years 1992–1995. The mean rarefaction estimate on the area [E (S 10 ha)] was 22.75 ± 1.58 species. Bird species richness and diversity were significantly higher in the study plot in comparison to the mean value of European wet alder forests. These results are comparable with the values of structural assemblage parameters of the primeval stands dominated by alder within the Białowieża National Park, Poland.

scholarly journals Faunistic analysis of the species of Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) in three municipalities of the state of Roraima, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL. Marsaro Júnior ◽  
DB. Nascimento ◽  
B. Ronchi-Teles ◽  
R. Adaime
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
The State ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cumulative Curves ◽  
Expected Species Richness

The purpose of this work was to describe the population patterns of Anastrepha in three municipalities of the state of Roraima, Brazil, via faunistic analysis. Weekly collections were performed from January through December 2008, using McPhail traps containing 5% hydrolysed protein, in domestic orchards in the municipalities of Boa Vista, Bonfim and Pacaraima. We captured 301 females of Anastrepha in Boa Vista, 212 in Bonfim, and 167 in Pacaraima. Boa Vista presented the highest species richness (S = 10) and Pacaraima the lowest (S = 4). Anastrepha striata was the predominant species in Boa Vista (47.18%) and Pacaraima (65.87%), whereas A. obliqua predominated in Bonfim (46.23%). Boa Vista presented the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H' = 1.19) and Margalef index (α = 1.58), and Bonfim presented the highest Pielou's evenness index (J' = 0.69). In Pacaraima the cumulative curves reached stability, confirming that the observed and expected species richness were the same. In the other two municipalities, the curves showed a moderate growth, suggesting that the sampling effort was not sufficient to produce an accurate depiction of species richness. In this study, Anastrepha zernyi is reported for the first time in Roraima.

scholarly journals The Tall-Herb and Tall-Grass Plant Communities of the Class Mulgedio-Aconitetea in the Subalpine Belt of the Krivánska Malá Fatra MTS (Slovakia)

Hacquetia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-159
Author(s):  
Ivana Šibíková ◽  
Jozef Šibík ◽  
Ivan Jarolímek
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Numerical Classification ◽  
Indicator Values ◽  
Tall Grass ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Subalpine Belt ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index

The Tall-Herb and Tall-Grass Plant Communities of the ClassMulgedio-Aconiteteain the Subalpine Belt of the Krivánska Malá Fatra MTS (Slovakia)The following paper reports the results of phytosociological research of tall-herb and tall-herb plant communities within the classMulgedio-Aconiteteain the subalpine belt of the Krivánska Malá Fatra Mts. The data set of 209 relevés was sampled and analysed using numerical classification and ordination. Major ecological gradients were interpreted using Ellenberg's indicator values and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Ten associations within five alliances were distinguished and characterised:Aconitetum firmi, Digitali ambiguae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, Helianthemo grandiflorae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, Potentillo aurei-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae, Allio victorialis-Calamagrostietum villosae, Festucetum carpaticae, Adenostylo alliariae-Athyrietum alpestris, Aconito firmi-Adenostyletum alliariae, Geranio robertiani-Delphinietum elatiandAconito firmi-Rumicetum alpini.Relationships between the floristic composition of the communities and environmental variables were analysed by canonical correspondence analysis.

scholarly journals Accumulation distribution in terre adélie, antarctica: effect of meteorological parameters

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (112) ◽  
pp. 486-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pettre ◽  
J.F. Pinglot ◽  
M. Pourchet ◽  
L. Reynaud
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Almost Periodic ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Periodic Oscillations ◽  
Terre Adélie ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractAlong the 1040 km extending from Cape Prud’homme (lat. 66°41’S., long. 139°55’ E.), near Dumont d’Urville station, to Dome C (lat. 74°39’S., long. 124°10’E.), the variations in annual accumulation can be analysed by a division of the entire data set into three sub-sets depending on the types of measurements and the character of the spatial distribution. Along the first 33 km, from the coast to stake E40, annual measurements show considerable inter-annual variability, 52% of which can be explained by the spatio-temporal homogeneity of the balance distribution. However, we obtain a better result (64%) for the fluctuation homogeneity standardized using the standard deviation. This means that there is a strong space-time dis-tribution structure, characterized by an equal variation of the balance around the mean value specific to each location. This is so in spite of the existence of considerable surface roughness (sastrugi), the influence of which should be reduced by averaging values around each stake. From stake E40 to stake R60, a distance of 170 km, the almost periodic oscillations in the accumulation with a wavelength close to 40 km can be explained by the formation of a gravity-inertia wave, disturbing the geostrophic equilibrium, occurring at the break in slope 200 km from the coast. The very low values of accumulation for stakes D55 and D58S show that the oscillations were almost stationary during the study period (about 25 years). Finally, along the 840 km from stake R60 to Dome C we can observe a decrease in accumulation resulting from the decrease in mean temperature.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS’ WRITING ATTITUDE AND COMPOSITION PERFORMANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Supiah Wagiyo
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Student Writing ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Positive Writing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Student Composition

The main objectives of this study were to find out (1) whether student’ writing attitude correlates with their composition performance (2) whether the factors of writing attitude correlate with their composition performance, (3) whether students’ writing attitude give contribution to the value of their writing composition and (4) whether the factors of students’ writing attitude give contribution to their composition performance. The population and sample of the study covered one hundred and fifty-six students of six semester of English Study Program.  The data were obtained giving a questionnaire and composition writing test.   The data collected from were analyzed by using regression analysis and hypothesizes were tested by using F-test. The results show that there were significant correlation between the student writing attitude (total) and their composition performance. (R =.242 and R²=.058). Out of the five factors of student writing attitude, there were three factors which had a significant statistical relationship with the student composition performance.  They were writing perception (R= .220   and R²= .049), positive writing activities (R= .176 and R²=.031), and reading preferences (R= .193 and R²= .037). The first factor, writing perception give much contribution to the sub scales of composition performance.  Furthermore, the unhypothesized findings showed that gender and writing attitude were correlated significantly in composition performance since the mean value was balanced between male and female students.  However, based on the mean value, male group has better writing attitude while female group has better composition performance. Finally, the results of this research are hopefully beneficial for the English teaching and learning processes, such as writing skills.  Student’s writing attitude should be considered since students may have different attitude toward writing that can affect their performance in writing.

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