The Response of Swamp Sparrows To Acoustically Distinct Song Types

Behaviour ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 70-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Marler ◽  
Margaret H. Searcy ◽  
William A. Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Song Type ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Swamp Sparrow ◽  
Differential Reaction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Melospiza Georgiana ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
To Come ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Measured Response

AbstractMale and femal swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana) were tested for differential reaction to four acoustically distinct swamp sparrow song types. We tested males by playing bouts of single song types from speakers placed on male territories. Males gave the same kinds of aggressive responses to each of the four song types, and there were no quantitative differences in the strengths of the responses to the different types. In the experiments with females, we played songs to captive female swamp sparrows previously treated with estradiol, and measured response in terms of copulation solicitation display. Females displayed in response to all four song types, and again there were no quantitative differences in the strength of response to the different types. We conclude that different swamp sparrow song types do not convey different messages to either male or female listeners. Although the identity of the particular song type presented was unimportant, the number of types presented was important, at least to females. Females responded more strongly overall to bouts of four song types than to bouts of single song types. This result occurred because females habituated to the repeated presentation of a single song type, and showed a recovery in response when song types were switched. We conclude that the ability to sing multiple song types may aid males in stimulating females to come into reproductive condition and then copulate.

scholarly journals Typical versions of learned swamp sparrow song types are more effective signals than are less typical versions

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1785) ◽  
pp. 20140252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Lachlan ◽  
R. C. Anderson ◽  
S. Peters ◽  
W. A. Searcy ◽  
S. Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Computational Methods ◽  
Song Learning ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Syllable Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Swamp Sparrow ◽  
Melospiza Georgiana ◽  
Cluster A ◽  
Song Types

The learned songs of songbirds often cluster into population-wide types. Here, we test the hypothesis that male and female receivers respond differently to songs depending on how typical of those types they are. We used computational methods to cluster a large sample of swamp sparrow ( Melospiza georgiana ) songs into types and to estimate the degree to which individual song exemplars are typical of these types. We then played exemplars to male and female receivers. Territorial males responded more aggressively and captive females performed more sexual displays in response to songs that are highly typical than to songs that are less typical. Previous studies have demonstrated that songbirds distinguish song types that are typical for their species, or for their population, from those that are not. Our results show that swamp sparrows also discriminate typical from less typical exemplars within learned song-type categories. In addition, our results suggest that more typical versions of song types function better, at least in male–female communication. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that syllable type typicality serves as a proxy for the assessment of song learning accuracy.

CRIMINAL LAW IN PROTECTION OF HEALTH FROM THE ABUSE OF DRUGS IN SERBIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1939-1946
Author(s):  
Miodrag Simović ◽  
Dragan Jovašević ◽  
Marina M. Simović
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Republic ◽  
To Come ◽  
Practical Sense

Based on international standards adopted within the framework and under the Organisation of the United Nations, all national legislations recognise several different types and forms of criminal acts regarding misuse of narcotics. It is the matter of various activities of unauthorized production, traffic and other forms of inciting or enabling others to come into possession of narcotics for immediate use, which seriously endangers the health and life.Depending on the needs of each individual state, the distinction is made between the offenses, for the perpetrators are given different types and measures of penalties and other criminal sanctions. A similar situation exists in the Republic of Serbia.The paper analyzes the system of criminal offenses in various types and forms of manifestation in the theoretical and practical sense for whose offenders that are prescribed serious criminal sanctions.

scholarly journals Cosmogonies and mythopoesis in the Balkans and beyond

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 87-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentina Badalanova Geller
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
To Come ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Devil

Cosmogonies and mythopoesis in the Balkans and beyondCompared and contrasted in this article are three different types of accounts dealing with the cosmogonic and eschatological themes employed in Slavonic and Balkan oral tradition, para-Biblical literature and modern poetry. The focus of analysis is the cluster of motifs attested in the creation narrative of the apocryphal Legend of the Sea of Tiberias. Two versions are examined: the South-Slavonic one discovered in 1845 by V. Grigorovich in the Monastery of Slepche, and the 18th century Russian account from MS № 21.11.3 (fols. 3a–5b) from the Archaeographic Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences [Библиотека Академии наук, Рукописный отдел] in St. Petersburg, composed most probably by an Old Believer; this manuscript is published here for the first time. Folklore counterparts of the apocryphal Legend of the Sea of Tiberias are treated, with special emphasis on the oral narratives from the Bulgarian diaspora in Bessarabia (God and the Devil Create the World Amicably but then Fall Out). Finally, a poem of the 20th century Bulgarian intellectual Pencho Slaveykov [Пенчо Славейков] from his anthology “On the Island of the Blessed” is discussed; the poem, entitled How God willed the Earth to come to be and what did Satanail do after that? was designated by Slaveykov himself as “a legend of the Bogomils”, and blended within his lyrics are dualistic themes and motifs attested in vernacular Christianity, with the hallmark of Haeresis Bulgarica. Kosmogonie i mitopoetyki na Bałkanach i nie tylkoW artykule zostały porównane trzy typy narracji zawierających wątki kosmogoniczne i eschatologiczne, które funkcjonują w słowiańskiej i bałkańskiej tradycji ustnej, literaturze parabiblijnej oraz poezji doby modernizmu. Przedmiotem uwagi stała się grupa motywów poświadczonych w narracji o stworzeniu, znanej z Legendy o Morzu Tyberiadzkim. Analizom poddane zostały dwie wersje: południowosłowiańska, odkryta w 1845 roku przez W. Grigorowicza w Monastyrze w Slepče, oraz ruska – z XVIII wieku, znajdująca się w kodeksie MS № 21.11.3 (fols. 3a–5b), przechowywanym w Oddziale Rękopisów Biblioteki Akademii Nauk w Sankt Petersburgu – skomponowana najprawdopodobniej w środowisku staroobrzędowców (rękopis ten jest tu publikowany po raz pierwszy). Następnie przeprowadzona została analiza odpowiedników folklorystycznych apokryficznej Legendy o Morzu Tyberiadzkim, ze szczegól­nym uwzględnieniem narracji ustnych funkcjonujących w bułgarskiej diasporze w Besarabii (Bóg i Diabeł tworzą świat w przyjaźni ale potem stają się wrogami). Na końcu został poddany interpretacji poemat z XX wieku autorstwa bułgarskiego modernisty Penczo Sławejkowa [Пенчо Славейков] z antologii Na wyspie błogosławionych [На острова на блажените]; poemat ten, zatytułowany Jak Bóg zezwolił, aby powstała ziemia i co potem uczynił Satanael?, został nazwany przez samego autora „legendą Bogomiłów”, i skompilowany w jego tekstach z dualistycznymi motywami występującymi w chrześcijaństwie tego regionu, a rozpoznawa­nymi jako haeresis bulgarica.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Different Types ◽  
To Come

I think that both this letter and the preceding one emphasize some of the dilemmas that the Committee on Nutrition went through in trying to come to agreement on the recommendations of the onset of supplemental foods. First, I would not quarrel with the caloric intake, nor the weight of the 2-month-old infant. The caloric intake may be considered on the upper limits for this age group. Second, I certainly do agree that most children do well with many different types of varieties of feeding, so far as we can tell.

scholarly journals The Duet Code of the Female Black-Bellied Wren

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Logue
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Female Response ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Vocal Signals ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Song Types

Abstract In many duet-singing songbirds, paired birds combine their song types nonrandomly to form duet songs. Several different behavioral mechanisms could generate nonrandom song type associations in duets. I tested female Black-bellied Wrens (Thryothorus fasciatoventris) for one such mechanism: adherence to a set of rules linking female response songs to male stimulus songs. I call this set of rules a “duet code.” Duets of free-living Black-bellied Wrens were recorded in 2001 and 2002. In 2003 I returned to the same territories and played the male song types from the recorded duets. Females answered male song stimuli as if duetting with the playback speaker. Although the known repertoires of females averaged 8.4 song types, each female sang only a single song type in response to each male song type. Random answering could not account for this pattern, supporting the hypothesis that females abide by duet codes. Females that were still paired with their mates from 2001–2002 answered 100% of their mate's songs with the same song types they had used previously, demonstrating that codes are stable over time. In contrast, females that were new to a territory answered an average of only 18% of their mate's song types with the same song type as the previous female, indicating that duet codes are individually distinctive. Duet participation by female Black-bellied Wrens represents a special kind of animal communication, in which discrete vocal signals consistently elicit discrete vocal responses according to an individually distinctive set of rules.

scholarly journals Deceptive vocal duets and multimodal display in a songbird

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Ręk ◽  
Robert D. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Multimodal Signalling ◽  
Australian Magpie ◽  
Vocal Duets

Many group-living animals cooperatively signal to defend resources, but what stops deceptive signalling to competitors about coalition strength? Cooperative-signalling species include mated pairs of birds that sing duets to defend their territory. Individuals of these species sometimes sing ‘pseudo-duets’ by mimicking their partner's contribution, but it is unknown if these songs are deceptive, or why duets are normally reliable. We studied pseudo-duets in Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca , and tested whether multimodal signalling constrains deception. Magpie-larks give antiphonal duets coordinated with a visual display, with each sex typically choosing a different song type within the duet. Individuals produced pseudo-duets almost exclusively during nesting when partners were apart, but the two song types were used in sequence rather than antiphonally. Strikingly, birds hid and gave no visual displays, implying deceptive suppression of information. Acoustic playbacks showed that pseudo-duets provoked the same response from residents as true duets, regardless of whether they were sequential or antiphonal, and stronger response than that to true duets consisting of a single song type. By contrast, experiments with robot models showed that songs accompanied by movements of two birds prompted stronger responses than songs accompanied by movements of one bird, irrespective of the number of song types or singers. We conclude that magpie-larks used deceptive pseudo-duets when partners were apart, and suppressed the visual display to maintain the subterfuge. We suggest that the visual component of many species' duets provides the most reliable information about the number of signallers and may have evolved to maintain honesty in duet communication.

Prevalence of eardrum pathology in a cohort born in 1955

1995 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-E. Stangerup ◽  
S. Schwer ◽  
K. Pedersen ◽  
S. Brofeldt ◽  
M. Niebuhr
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Screening Examination ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Previously Treated

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of the different types of eardrum pathology in a cohort of adults not previously treated by grommet insertion with corresponding findings obtained in a cohort previously treated with grommet insertion.A cohort born in 1955 were invited to a screening examination including otomicroscopy. In the untreated cohort, retraction of Shrapnell's membrane was found in four per cent of the ears compared to 20 per cent in the cohort treated with grommets. Tensa pathology, including atrophy and myringosclerosis, was found in six per cent of the ears in the untreated cohort and in 17 per cent in the treated cohort. Normal eardrums were found in 91 per cent of the ears. Despite the increased awareness of secretory otitis, as well as the increased rate of surgical treatment, the prevalence of eardrum pathology seems to be increasing. The reasons for this are discussed.

SONG CLUSTERING BY MEADOWLARKS: IS IT RELATED TO REPERTOIRE SIZE?

Behaviour ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pca Analysis ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Similar Correlation ◽  
Sturnella Magna ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Song Repertoires

AbstractSome birds with song repertoires sequentially associate (or cluster) songs of different types. That is, certain song types may occur together repeatedly, even on different days. We determined whether clustering of meadowlark songs correlated with repertoire size. We also tested whether clustered songs reflect either their structural similarities, or dissimilarities. Our data were obtained from recordings of free-living individuals of two meadowlark species, eastern, Sturnella magna , and western, S. neglecta . Eastern meadowlarks have approximately 10 times more song types per bird than do westerns. Therefore, if clustering is related to repertoire size, we predicted that there should be (1) proportionately more song clusters in eastern meadowlarks than in westerns, and (2) a similar correlation across individual birds within a species, especially so in easterns, which have a broader range of repertoire sizes. All 14 easterns examined showed clusters whereas only 5 of 11 westerns did so, and the easterns had proportionately more per bird. Many of the same clusters occurred in different recordings of individual easterns. In easterns, the extent of clustering as measured by a PCA analysis correlated strongly with estimated repertoire size. Clustered songs were neither more similar in structure, nor less so, than randomly-paired songs.

Durability Enhancement of Concrete Using Nanomaterials: An Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 967 ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyemi Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Durability Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
To Come ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Durability Of Concrete

Different initiatives have evolved over the years to improve the durability of concrete, and one of the promising areas gaining attention in recent years is the use of nanomaterials in concrete. Though most of the applications of nanomaterials to improve the properties of concrete has been restricted to laboratory applications, it is anticipated that in few years to come more commercial and large-scale applications will ensue. This overview explored different types of nanomaterials already used in concrete and their effects on the durability of concrete. It was found out that nanosilica is the most used nanomaterial in concrete. And all types of nanomaterials currently used, enhance the durability of concrete significantly compared to other methods employed before the advent of nanomaterials in concrete. However, the use of other nanomaterials such as nanotitania and nanoalumina is attracting great attention. But the use of nanomaterials in concrete is faced by several challenges such as its high cost, production process, toxicity, etc. It is expected that with more research and application in the use of nanomaterials to enhance the properties of concrete, cheap and user-friendly nanomaterials can be developed. In addition, this review shows the possibility of enhancing the current durability properties with the use of nanomaterials.

scholarly journals Swamp sparrows modulate vocal performance in an aggressive context

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne L DuBois ◽  
Stephen Nowicki ◽  
William A Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Frequency Bandwidth ◽  
Aggressive Communication ◽  
Melospiza Georgiana ◽  
Song Types

Vocal performance refers to the proficiency with which a bird sings songs that are challenging to produce, and can be measured in simple trilled songs by their deviation from an upper bound regression of frequency bandwidth on trill rate. Here, we show that male swamp sparrows ( Melospiza georgiana ) increase the vocal performance of individual song types in aggressive contexts by increasing both the trill rate and frequency bandwidth. These results are the first to demonstrate flexible modulation by songbirds of this aspect of vocal performance and are consistent with this signal feature having a role in aggressive communication.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document