Genetic variability in parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and their ability to overcome plant resistance genes

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Castagnone-Sereno
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

AbstractRoot-knot nematodes (RKN) of the genus Meloidogyne constitute the most widely distributed and damaging group of plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant resistance (R) is currently the most effective and environmentally safe method to control these pests. The mode of reproduction of the major species, i.e., apomictic (= mitotic) parthenogenesis, should theoretically lead to clonal progenies. However, the recent emergence of new virulent biotypes, able to overcome plant R genes, indicates that variability does exist in these organisms. Experiments showed that selection for virulence was possible in RKN, which has important consequences for the management and durability of natural R genes in the field. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in such selection, we have developed a differential strategy based on the comparative analysis of pairs of RKN near-isogenic lineages and recent results obtained in the laboratory are presented. Understanding how the genome of these nematodes is modified in response to the selective pressure of a plant R gene should provide further data on the putative role of non-meiotic events leading to stable genetic variation in these apomictic organisms.

scholarly journals Major Emerging Problems with Minor Meloidogyne Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1092-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel A. Elling
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) represent one of the most polyphagous genera of plant-parasitic nematodes. To date, close to 100 valid species are recognized. In contrast to the size of the genus, the majority of past research focused on a small number of species, i.e., the so-called ‘major’ species M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica. This review highlights recent work aimed at ‘minor’ root-knot nematodes: M. chitwoodi, M. fallax, M. minor, M. enterolobii (=M. mayaguensis), M. exigua, and M. paranaensis. Some of these species have been described only recently. After a brief profile of each species, identification methods and their application in Meloidogyne spp. are summarized. Intraspecific variation and its impact on plant resistance breeding are discussed and interactions between M. enterolobii and Fusarium solani are highlighted as an example of synergistic interactions with other plant pathogens. Future research on Meloidogyne spp. is not only shaped by recent breakthroughs such as completing the genome sequences of M. hapla and M. incognita, but is also influenced by changes in agriculture. Taken together, the aim of this review is to draw attention to previously neglected and newly described Meloidogyne spp. that are developing into major problems for agriculture in tropical and temperate climates.

scholarly journals New Data Completing the Spectrum of the Ma, RMia, and RMja Genes for Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Prunus

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Duval ◽  
Cyril Van Ghelder ◽  
Ulysse Portier ◽  
Carole Confolent ◽  
Pablo Meza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Prunus Spp

Root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.) are worldwide pests that affect a considerable number of plants, among which stone fruit (Prunus spp.) are severely attacked. Prevalent RKN species are Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica in stone fruit but the emergent M. ethiopica and M. enterolobii are also reported to challenge perennial crops. In Prunus spp., the complete-spectrum resistance (R) gene Ma from plum and the more restricted-spectrum R genes RMia from peach and RMja from almond completely inhibit nematode multiplication and gall formation of the RKN species that they control. This study aimed to update the resistance spectra of these three major genes by evaluating their activity toward one isolate of the yet-untested RKN species mentioned above. To state whether a given gene controls a particular species, the principle of our experiment was to genotype with appropriate markers a number of individuals segregating for this gene and then to phenotype these individuals. A perfect matching of the genotype and the phenotype of individuals indicates that the gene of interest is active against and, thus, controls the corresponding isolate of this RKN species. Segregating materials used were an Ma F1 plum progeny, an RMia F2 peach progeny, and an RMja F2 almond progeny. In addition to previous data, our results establish a clear spectrum for each of the three genes toward isolates from both the three prevalent species and the two emerging species. Ultimately, our results reveal that (i) Ma controls all of them, (ii) RMja controls all species except M. incognita and M. floridensis, and (iii) RMia controls M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. ethiopica but not M. javanica or M. enterolobii. Our data should have wide implications for RKN resistance management and breeding and for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of the spectrum of RKN R genes.

scholarly journals Serotonin Regulates the Feeding and Reproductive Behaviors of Pratylenchus penetrans

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 872-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziduan Han ◽  
Stephanie Boas ◽  
Nathan E. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Reproductive Behaviors ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The success of all plant-parasitic nematodes is dependent on the completion of several complex behaviors. The lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans is an economically important parasite of a diverse range of plant hosts. Unlike the cyst and root-knot nematodes, P. penetrans moves both within and outside of the host roots and can feed from both locations. Adult females of P. penetrans require insemination by actively moving males for reproduction and can lay eggs both within and outside of the host roots. We do not have a complete understanding of the molecular basis for these behaviors. One candidate modulator of these behaviors is the neurotransmitter serotonin. Previous research demonstrated an effect of exogenously applied serotonin on the feeding and male mating behaviors of cyst and root-knot nematodes. However, there are no data on the role of exogenous serotonin on lesion nematodes. Similarly, there are no data on the presence and function of endogenous serotonin in any plant-parasitic nematode. Here, we establish that exogenous serotonin applied to P. penetrans regulates both feeding and sex-specific behaviors. Furthermore, using immunohistochemistry and pharmacological assays, our data suggest that P. penetrans utilizes endogenous serotonin to regulate both feeding and sex-specific behaviors.

scholarly journals New genetic tools for plant defense against parasitic nematodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-343
Author(s):  
A. V. Kochetov ◽  
T. A. Gavrilenko ◽  
O. S. Afanasenko
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
System Data

Nematodes belong to economically important pests. Here we reviewed the recent data on molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to cyst and gall nematodes including the most devastating Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida, Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, and M. incognita. The Golden Potato Cyst Nematode (G. rostochiensis, GPCN) may be taken as an example of an economically important pest: in Russia, it occurs in 61 regions with a total area of 1.8 million ha and may cause the yield loss from 19 to 90 %. The biological characteristics of sedentary nematodes makes their agrotechnical control problematic, i.e. the GPCN cysts remain dormant in soil for many years until a susceptible host appears, whereas nematicides are either toxic or inefficient. Introgression of resistance genes (R-genes) from related cultivated or wild species is likely to be the most appropriate way for their biocontrol. The life cycle of sedentary nematodes is based on juveniles’ penetration into the host root where they reprogram plant cells into a syncytium or the so-called ‘giant cells’ and inhibit the plant defense response. Molecular mechanisms of plant-nematode interaction are unusual and this phenomenon provides a very interesting model for the investigation of plant morphogenesis control as well as for the development of new genetic instruments of biocontrol. Here we reviewed recent publications on plant parasitic nematode effectors used for hijacking of the plant immune system, data on R-genes and molecular mechanisms of their activities. In addition, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is discussed as a perspective mechanism for nematode biocontrol. HIGS is based on the RNA interference in the cells of the host plant addressed against the nematode genes important for their development and productivity. Several recent investigations demonstrated efficiency of HIGS against sedentary nematodes.

scholarly journals Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Infecting Grapevine in Southern Spain and Susceptible Reaction to Root-Knot Nematodes of Rootstocks Reported as Moderately Resistant

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Téliz ◽  
Blanca B. Landa ◽  
Hava F. Rapoport ◽  
Fernando Pérez Camacho ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Plant Parasitic ◽  
Susceptible Response

Incidence and nematode population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes were determined in 64 samples of soil and grapevine roots collected from commercial vineyards in southern Spain between October 2003 and May 2005. In addition, a histopathological study was done of root-stock roots naturally infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Nematodes infecting the rootstocks were identified according to conventional procedures, and the Meloidogyne spp. were furthermore identified by sequence characterized amplified region-polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) and isozyme esterase analyses. The most important plant-parasitic nematodes detected, in order of decreasing frequency of total soil infestation and root infection (percentage of samples), were Mesocriconema xenoplax (34.4%), Meloidogyne incognita (26.6%), Meloidogyne javanica (14.1%), Xiphinema index (12.5%), Xiphinema italiae (10.9%), Pratylenchus vulnus (6.3%), and Meloidogyne arenaria (1.6%). No disease symptoms were observed on aboveground plant parts of the infected grapevines, except for plants in some fields where soil was infested with the virus-vector nematodes X. index and X. italiae. Those grapevines showed a yellow mosaic pattern in leaves early in the growing season and the internode shortening characteristic of infections by Grapevine fanleaf virus. Rootstocks infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) showed distorted feeder roots and large- to moderate-sized root galls, present either singly or in clusters. Histopathology of galled roots showed a typical susceptible response to infection by root-knot nematodes: cellular alterations were induced in the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular system, including giant-cell formation and severe distortion of vascular tissues. Most Meloidogyne egg masses ocurred on the surface of the galled root tissues, a position that could facilitate dispersion of the nematode eggs and juveniles and the occurrence of secondary infections. Some of the grapevine rootstocks surveyed in this study (Paulsen 1103, Richter 110, Rupestris du Lot, and SO4) had previously been reported to be resistant to Meloidogyne spp.; however, the population densities of these nematodes found in soil and roots sampled in the present study, as well as the compatible host-parasite relationship revealed by histopathology, indicate a susceptible response to Meloidogyne spp. from southern Spain.

scholarly journals KETAHANAN BEBERAPA AKSESI KENAF TERHADAP NEMATODA PURU AKAR (Meloidogyne spp)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
UNTUNG SETYO BUDI ◽  
RR. SRI HARTATI ◽  
CECE SUHARA
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Specific Hybridization ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

<p>ABSTRAK<br /><br />Nematoda puru akar (Meloidogyne spp.) merupakan penyakit yang<br />tergolong penting dan banyak menyerang pertanaman kenaf di lahan<br />pengembangan  maupun  perbenihan  sehingga  banyak  menimbulkan<br />kerugian bagi petani karena terjadi penurunan produktivitas. Salah satu<br />cara untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut yaitu dengan menggunakan<br />varietas tahan. Evaluasi plasma nutfah merupakan tahap awal untuk<br />mengetahui potensi yang ada pada tiap-tiap aksesi yang nantinya bisa<br />dipergunakan sebagai sumber gen ketahanan. Kegiatan untuk mengetahui<br />tingkat ketahanan 23 aksesi kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) dan 3 aksesi<br />kerabat liarnya (Hibiscus asetosela dan Hibiscus radiatus) terhadap<br />serangan nematoda puru akar (NPA) dilakukan di rumah kaca dan<br />laboratorium Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang pada<br />bulan Agustus - Desember 2003. Penelitian mengacu pada Metode Taylor<br />dan Sasser yang dimodifikasi, sedangkan penilaian tingkat ketahanan  j<br />menggunakan metode Canto-Saenz. Benih kenaf ditanam dalam pollybag<br />berisi media tanah-pasir-pupuk kandang seberat 10 kg dengan perban-<br />dingan 5:3:2, diulang 10 kali. Pada umur 15 hari setelah tanam, tanaman<br />diinokulasi dengan massa larva Meloidogyine spp stadium dua sebanyak 40 larva<br />per 100 ml tanah (atau 4000 larva per polybag). Pengamatan dilakukan pada<br />30  hari  setelah  inokulasi  atau  45  hari  setelah  tanam,  yaitu<br />terhadapjumlah puru akar, populasi larva NPA dalamtanah dan akar, serta<br />tinggi dan diameter batang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua<br />aksesi kenaf (H. cannabinus) tidak tahan terhadap serangan NPA, namun tiga<br />aksesi  dari  kerabat  liamya,  yaitu  SSRH/1010  H  (H.  asetosela),<br />SSRH/1023 H (H. asetosela) dan Kal II (H. radiatus) memiliki sifat tahan<br />terhadap NPA Ketiga aksesi tersebut diharapkan bisa dipergunakan sebagai<br />tetua tahan nematoda puru akar pada persilangan interspesifik dengan kenaf<br />komersial.<br />Kata kunci : Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus, plasma nutfah, penyakit <br />ketahanan, nematoda puru akar</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Resistance of kenaf accessions to root knot nematodes <br />Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp) is the main pest of kenaf<br />both the field and nursery. This reduced kenaf farmer's income because it<br />decreased the productivity. One of the solutions to eliminate this problem<br />is utilization of resistant variety. Evaluation of germplasm is one of the<br />methods to identify tolerant accessions to root knot nematode. The<br />experiment aimed to screen the level of resistance of kenaf and allied fibre<br />accessions to root knot nematodes (RKN). The activity was conducted at the<br />laboratory and the green house of Indonesian Research Institute for Tobacco and<br />Fibre  Crops,  Malang  from  August  to  December  2003.  The<br />experiment used modified Taylor and Sasser method, while to determine<br />level of plant resistance used Canto-Saenz method. Kenaf seeds were planted<br />in  polybags  consisting  of  media  soil-sand-cattle  manure  10  kg<br />polybag with both in the replicated ten times. Number of RKN larvae<br />tested were 40 larvae/l00 ml soil or 4000 larvae/polybag, which were<br />inoculated 15 days after planting. Observation was done 30 days after<br />inoculation or 45 days after planting on the numbers of galls on root,<br />population of RKN in the soil and root, plant height and stem diameter.<br />Research result showed that three accessions from allied fibre of kenaf,<br />namely SSRH/1010 H (H. asetosela), SSRH/1023 H (H. asetosela) and Kal II<br />(H. radiatus) were resistant to RKN, while, all of 23 accessions of kenaf (H.<br />cannabinus) were susceptible to highly susceptible to RKN. There three<br />accessions can be used as resostant parent on inter specific hybridization.</p>

scholarly journals The role of endogenous elicitor peptides in plant resistance to biotic stress

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Halina G. Filiptsova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Endogenous Elicitor ◽  
Endogenous Plant

Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are one class of elicitor substances, which are formed in plant cells in response to various biotic stressors and induced of nonspecific plant resistance. They are present and active in angiosperms, including many important agricultural crops, and can be considered as a promising class of compounds for creating environmentally safe drugs that induce phytoimmunity and increase the resistance of plants to stress. In this paper, an analysis of current literature data on the functional activity of endogenous plant elicitor peptides, the mechanisms of Pep-signaling and their role in plant resistance to biotic stresses is carried out.

scholarly journals Diagnostic methods for identification of root-knot nematodes species from Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Garcia da Cunha ◽  
Liliane Evangelista Visôtto ◽  
Everaldo Antônio Lopes ◽  
Claúdio Marcelo Gonçalves Oliveira ◽  
Pedro Ivo Vieira Good God
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Esterase Phenotypes

ABSTRACT: The accurate identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) is essential for implementing management strategies. Methods based on the morphology of adults, isozymes phenotypes and DNA analysis can be used for the diagnosis of RKN. Traditionally, RKN species are identified by the analysis of the perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes. For both procedures, mature females are required. Over the last few decades, accurate and rapid molecular techniques have been validated for RKN diagnosis, including eggs, juveniles and adults as DNA sources. Here, we emphasized the methods used for diagnosis of RKN, including emerging molecular techniques, focusing on the major species reported in Brazil.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Nematicidal Activity of Fluensulfone against Non-Target Free-Living Nematodes under Field Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kawanobe ◽  
Toyota ◽  
Fujita ◽  
Hatta
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Plant Parasitic ◽  
Nematode Fauna

The use of nematicides with reduced toxic side-effects against non-target free-living nematodes is a favorable option for farmers to control plant-parasitic nematodes. The nematicide fluensulfone was registered in several countries for the control of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. among other plant-parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal activity of fluensulfone against non-target nematode fauna in four field experiments, each under different conditions (soils types and plant hosts). Nematodes extracted from soil samples were classified and counted based on their morphological characters. Fluensulfone significantly reduced damage caused by root-knot nematodes to tomato and sweet potato plants, while overall non-target free-living nematode population densities were maintained at the same level as those in control. Different diversity indices (e.g., Shannon-Wiener H’, Simpson’s D, species richness, evenness J’, maturity indices) and principal component analyses in the four experiments showed that fluensulfone treatment kept a similar diversity level of non-target free-living nematode fauna to that of the non-treated control. The results suggested that fluensulfone may have minimal impact to free-living nematode fauna in both population density and diversity when the nematicide was applied to control Meloidogyne spp.

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