Effects of brassica-leaf green manures and crops on activity and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod McLeod ◽  
Chris Steel

Abstract Green manures (chopped leaves) of 15 brassica potentially useful as inter-row crops in vineyards were incorporated into soils inoculated with second stage juveniles (J2) of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica to compare their antinematode activity. With application rates of 10 and 20 g/kg soil, all green manures substantially lowered nematode numbers and there were significant treatment effects at both application rates. However, treatment effect was not closely related to estimated addition of glucosinolate, which ranged from 8 to 46 nM/g soil. When J2 were exposed to volatiles from rewetted freeze-dried brassica tissue in sealed dishes in the absence of soil, there was evidence of a relation between effect and glucosinolate dose, estimated to be equivalent to a range of 1 to 40 nM/g soil. Egg production on 25 brassica crops was investigated to assess the scope for selection of crops that support less nematode reproduction. M. javanica produced more eggs on tomato (cv. Grosse Lisse) than on most of the brassicas, although egg production on Polybra fodder turnip was not significantly lower than on tomato. However, egg production was substantial on all but four of the brassicas. Egg production was low on Adagio, SCO 7024, Nemex and Pegletta oilseed radishes, cultivars bred in Europe to resist beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Egg production was not related to innate total root glucosinolate concentrations of cultivars as measured 3 months after sowing. Nor was there a connection between higher concentration of the dominant glucosinolates (progoitrin [2-hydroxy-3-butenyl], glucobrassicanapin [4-pentenyl] and gluconasturtiin [2-phenylethyl]) and low egg production. Very low egg production on Adagio oilseed radish was associated with the presence of dehydroerucin (4-methylthio-3-butenyl). It is concluded that mechanisms other than glucosinolate-derived toxicity are important in the antinematode activity of brassica-leaf green manures and cultivars. The results indicate that there is little scope for selecting very low egg producing crops from amongst the brassica crops currently available for use as inter-row crops in vineyards. The role of glucosinolate derivatives in relation to resistance to Meloidogyne is discussed. Die Wirkung von Grundungern aus Brassicaceenblattern und von Brassicaceenanbau auf die Aktivitat und Vermehrung von Meloidogyne javanica - Grundunger (zerkleinerte Blatter) von 15 verschiedenen Brassicaceen, die moglicherweise brauchbbar fur einen Anbau swischen den Rebzeilen von Weinbergen waren, wurden in mit Juvenilen (J2) des Wurzelgallennematoden Meloidogyne javanica versetzte Boden eingearbeitet, um ihre Aktivitat gegen Nematoden vergleichend zu untersuchen. In Aufwandmengen von 10 und 20 g/kg Boden verminderten alle Grundunger die Anzabhl der Nematoden erheblich. Bei beiden Aufwandmengen gab es signifikante Behandlungswirkungen. Diese Wirkungen waren aber nicht eng mit der geschatzten Zugabe von Glucosinolat verbunden, die zwischen 8 und 46 nM/g Boden lag. Wenn J2 in verschlossenen Schalen ohne Boden den fluchtigen Stoffen ausgesetzt wurden, die von wieder angefeuchteten, gefriergetrockneten Brassicageweben abgegeben wurden, ergaben sich Hinweise auf eine Beziehung zwischen Wirkung und Glucosinolatkonzentration, die einem geschatzten Gehalt von 1 zu 40 nM/g Boden entsprach. Um die Moglichkeiten einer Selektion von Pflanzen zu prufen, die eine geringere Nematodenvermehrung bewirkten, wurde die Eiproduktion der Nematoden an 25 Brassicaceen untersucht. M. javanica produzierte and Tomate (Sorte Grosse Lisse) mehr Eier als an den meisten Brassicaceen, wobei die Eiproduktion an Polybra-Futterkohlruben nicht signifikant geringer war als an Tomate. Insgesamt war die Eiproduktion an allen Brassicaceen betrachtlich mit Ausnahme der Olrettichsorten Adagio, SCO 7024, Nemex und Pegletta, die in Europa auf Resistenz gegen den Rubennematoden (Heterodera schachtii) gezuchtet wurden. Die Eiproduktion stand nicht in Beziehung zu den genetisch bedingten Gesamtgehalten an Glucosinolaten in den Wurzeln, die 3 Monate nach der Aussaat bestimmt wurden. Ebensowenig bestand eine Verbindung zwischen der niedrigen Eiproduktion und der hoheren Konzentration der vorherrschenden Glucosinolate (Progoitrin [2-hydroxy-3-butanyl], Glucobrassicanapin [4-pentenyl] und Gluconasturtiin [2-phenylethyl]). Die sehr geringe Eiproduktion an dem Olrettich Adagio war verknupft mit dem Vorhandensein von Dehydroerucin (4-methylthio-3-butenyl). Daraus wird geschlossen, dass andere Mechanismen als die auf Glucosinolat beruhende Toxizitat entscheidend sind bei der Antinematodenwirkung von Blatt-Grundungern un Pflanzen von Brassicaceen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur geringe Aussichten bestehen, aus den zur Zeit als Kulturen zwischen Weinbergszeilen zur Verfugung stehenden Brassicaceen Pflanzen mit einer sehr geringen Eiproduktion der Nematoden zu selektieren. Die Rolle der Glucosinolatabkommlinge in Bezug auf eine Resistenz gegen Meloidogyne wird diskutiert.

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Christopher Steel ◽  
John Kirkegaard ◽  
Rod McLeod

AbstractThe effects of seed treatments with pesticides, soil temperature at sowing, cutting of plants with and without glyphosate herbicide, root disruption and age of crop at inoculation on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus were investigated. When inoculated at sowing, plants grown from fodder rape cv. Rangi seed treated with fenamiphos (0.35 g a.i. per 100 g) and from fodder swede cv. Highlander seed with a coating including imidacloprid had fewer galls than plants from seed untreated or treated with omethoate (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g). When nematode inoculation was delayed until 4 weeks after sowing, omethoate and the imadacloprid treatments had no effect while fenamiphos (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g seed) suppressed galling but also impaired seedling emergence and induced chlorosis. Green manure rape plants cvs Rangi and Humus transplanted into infested soil in the field in mid-autumn (soil temperature 17°C) remained nematode and gall-free, but tomato cv. Grosse Lisse plants were heavily galled. All three cultivars were gall-free when transplanted and grown in early winter (soil temperatures 8-14°C). Cutting off the tops of cv. Rangi plants at from 6 to 11 weeks after sowing and inoculation had no effect on egg production compared to that on intact plants. Predominant nematode stages in cut plants ranged from developing juveniles to egg-laying females. Application of glyphosate to freshly cut stems had no effect on egg production at any stage. Infesting soil with roots of cv. Rangi, finely chopped while nematodes in them were still juveniles, resulted in a low incidence of infection of bioassay tomato plants compared with infesting soil with rape roots chopped later, when females and females with eggs predominated. Young females in tomato roots laid eggs despite fine chopping of the roots. When cv. Rangi plants were inoculated at 3, 5 and 7 weeks after sowing, the 7-week-old plants were the least invaded and fewer eggs were produced on the 5 and 7-week-old plants than on the 3-week-old ones.


2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAQUELINE TAVARES SCHAFER ◽  
CESAR BAUER GOMES ◽  
ARIONE DA SILVA PEREIRA ◽  
FERNANDA FERREIRA CRUZ ◽  
DANIELLE RIBEIRO DE BARROS

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of a group of clones and cultivars from the potato breeding program of Embrapa to Meloidogyne javanica. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Temperate Climate, Pelotas / RS, under greenhouse conditions at temperatures of 25 ± 5°C. Individual potato plants of different genotypes [BRSIPR Bel, BRS F63 (Camila), CL02-05, F23-11-06, F32-02-06, F38-03-07, F189-09-06, F23-24-06 and F22-01-08], kept in pots with sterilized soil were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica, using six replicates per treatment. The susceptible control, potato cultivar BRS Ana was inoculated with the same level of inoculum. Fifty-five days after inoculation, the number of galls on the roots of each plant was determined as well as the number of protuberances caused by nematodes in the different treatments. Then, the roots of each plant were processed for counting the number of eggs and J2, as well as determining the nematode reproduction factor (FR: final population / initial population). All genotypes were susceptible (FR> 1.00) to M. javanica. However, there were different levels of susceptibility among the cultivars tested.


2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babar Khan ◽  
Wei Yan ◽  
Shan Wei ◽  
Zhiyang Wang ◽  
Shuangshuang Zhao ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Management of nematodes is a very hectic job due to a highly diverse group of organisms. To find lead compounds for new nematicide development, five metabolites (1–5) were isolated from the culture broth of Chaetomium globosum YSC5 and tested for nematicidal activities against the second stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne javanica. The results revealed that chaetoglobosin A (1), chaetoglobosin B (2) and flavipin (3) exhibited strong adverse effects (91.6, 83.8 and 87.4%, respectively) on J2 mortality at 200 μg/mL with LC50 values of 88.4, 107.7 and 99.2 μg/mL after 72 h, respectively, while 3-methoxyepicoccone (4) and 4,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methylphthalide (5) showed moderate effects (78.0 and 75.5%, respectively) with LC50 values of 124.0 and 131.6 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, in pot assay compounds 1 and 2 appeared to be promising metabolites at 200 μg/mL that significantly reduced nematode reproduction and showed a positive influence on plant growth. Our findings could be helpful for development of new potential bio-based pesticides for integrated management of plant-parasitic nematode.


Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunzio Briglia ◽  
Angelo Petrozza ◽  
Frank A. Hoeberichts ◽  
Nathalie Verhoef ◽  
Giovanni Povero

Row crops represent the most important crops in terms of global cultivated area. Such crops include soybean, corn, wheat, rice, rapeseed, sunflower, and cotton. Row crops agriculture is generally an intensive system of farming used to obtain high yields by employing elevated quantities of organic and mineral fertilizers. Considering this, and the decrease in area of arable land, it becomes crucial to ensure high yield and quality using alternative strategies, such as the use of plant biostimulants. These compounds are increasingly recognized as sustainable solution to optimize nutrient uptake, crop yield, quality, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. In this work, by means of high-throughput plant phenotyping, we evaluated the effectiveness of a set of three new foliar biostimulant prototypes (coded as 52096, 52097, 52113) applied on corn and soybean at application rates 2.5 and 5 mL/L (corresponding to 1 and 2 L/ha respectively). This allowed us to select the most effective prototype (52097, commercial name “YieldOn®”) in increasing digital biovolume (DB) and greener area (GGA) either in soybean (both application rates) or corn (rate 5 mL/L) and decreasing Stress Index (SI) in soybean (both application rates). Molecular mechanism of action of selected prototype 52097 was subsequently characterized through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). In corn, genes involved in hormone (cytokinin and auxin) metabolism/catabolism, maltose biosynthesis, sugar transport and phloem loading were upregulated after application of prototype 52097. In soybean, genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, metal ion transport (mainly zinc and iron), sulfate reduction, and amino acid biosynthesis were induced. The proposed approach supports the integration of multiple omics to open new perspectives in the discovery, evaluation, and development of innovative and sustainable solutions to meet the increasing needs of row-crops agriculture.


1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Mark E. Westgate ◽  
Dennis D. Warnes

AbstractCrops grown in narrow rows (NR, 0.25 to 0.38 m) shade weed seedlings more than do those grown in traditional wide rows (WR, 0.76 m). NR crops may require less herbicide and interrow cultivation than WR crops for equally effective weed control. This hypothesis was tested by comparing weed control and crop yield in NR and WR crops when the following percentages of recommended application rates (RAR) of standard herbicides were applied: soybean, 0, 50 and 100%; sunflower, 0, 25, 50, and 100%; and corn, 0, 33, and 100% in three separate sets of experiments conducted over 2, 3, and 4 years, respectively. In all treatments with 100% RAR, excellent weed control prevented reductions in crop yield. When only 25 to 50% RAR was applied, weed control was consistently high in NR (82 to 99% control), but variable in WR (42 to 99% control). Weed control and crop yields typically were lowest in NR without herbicides. Interrow cultivation controlled 0 to 81% of weeds in WR crops. In reduced herbicide treatments (25 to 50% RAR), yields of NR soybean and sunflower typically were about equal to those in WR with 100% RAR, but NR corn yields were about 10% less. Considering the reduced herbicide use and lower weed control costs, planting corn, soybean, and sunflower in narrow rows may represent a practical form of low-input production of these important crops.


Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 945-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Viaene ◽  
George S. Abawi

Host suitability for Meloidogyne hapla of six cover crops was tested in the greenhouse. Sudan-grass cv. Trudan 8 and rye (mixture of cultivars) were nonhosts; oat cv. Porter was a poor host; and phacelia cv. Angelia, oilseed radish cv. Renova, and yellow mustard cv. Martigena were maintenance hosts. When incorporated as a green manure before planting of lettuce cv. Mon-tello, sudangrass was the most effective of the cover crops in reducing egg production of M. hapla. Soil amendment with all parts of sudangrass resulted in lower reproduction of M. hapla on lettuce than soil amendment with only roots of sudangrass. Soil incorporation of 2-month-old (or younger) tissues of sudangrass was more effective in reducing nematode reproduction on subsequent lettuce plants than incorporation of 3-month-old tissues. Sudangrass was grown as a cover crop after lettuce for three growing seasons in field microplots and incorporated as a green manure before the first fall frost. Weight of lettuce heads was significantly higher and reproduction of M. hapla was significantly lower in sudangrass-amended microplots compared with those left fallow between lettuce crops, but results varied with year and nematode infestation level.


Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Declan Fallon ◽  
Harry Kaya ◽  
Randy Gaugler ◽  
Brent Sipes

AbstractIsolates of Steinernema feltiae MG-14 from Hawaii and SN from France, and the symbiont Xenorhabdus bovienii from each nematode isolate, were tested for their glasshouse efficacy against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, on several vegetable plants. Steinernema feltiae application for 3-5 consecutive days at rates of 1000 or 10 000 infective juveniles (IJ) did not affect M. javanica root penetration and development in glasshouse pot experiments. IJ were recovered from the cortical tissue of tomatoes, soybeans, snow peas and cow peas. Xenorhabdus bovienii applied at 1010 colony-forming units (CFU) ml–1 reduced root-knot nematode penetration in cow peas but was ineffective in tomato or snow pea. Xenorhabdus bovienii metabolites had no effect on M. javanica root penetration and egg production in soybean. Soybean plant growth was unaffected by nematode and bacterial treatment; biomass was lower in M. javanica-infected soybean, irrespective of treatment, than in non-infected soybean, but the differences between the treatments were non-significant. Accordingly, the Steinernema feltiae-Xenorhabdus bovienii complex did not meet the objective for the suppression of M. javanica root penetration and development.


Nematology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mohsen Ebrahimi ◽  
Amir Mousavi ◽  
Mohammad Kazem Souri ◽  
Navazolah Sahebani

Summary The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, is the most damaging species of plant-parasitic nematodes in eggplant cultivation in Iran. We studied the effect of pistachio and date palm biochars, vermicompost and a mixture of each of these biochars with vermicompost on M. javanica. To investigate the effect of these organic materials on survival, hatching and attraction of the second-stage juvenile (J2) towards the root, bioassays were performed in the laboratory using extracts of organic material. Vermicompost extract increased J2 mortality and decreased hatching and the number of J2 attracted to the eggplant roots. However, either type of biochar alone or mixed with vermicompost did not cause J2 mortality, nor did they inhibit hatching and attraction of J2 towards the root. To determine the effect of organic matter on J2 invasion and reproduction, pot experiments were performed in a completely randomised design with four replications in the glasshouse. Vermicompost reduced the number of J2 that penetrated the roots, number of egg masses and the final population of M. javanica eggs and J2. The suppressing effect of vermicompost might be attributed to the release of toxic compounds such as ammonium and improved soil nutrient and plant growth, leading to plants more tolerant to nematode damage. Pistachio and date biochars alone or combined with vermicompost had no adverse effect on the nematode reproduction compared to non-treated soil. Both types of biochar reduced the suppressing effect of vermicompost, most probably due to the absorbance of suppressive compounds in vermicompost by the high surface area of the biochar.


Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-666
Author(s):  
Paula Santos Ferreira ◽  
José Luiz Rodrigues Torres ◽  
Maria Amelia dos Santos ◽  
Ricardo de Oliveira Parolini ◽  
Ernane Miranda Lemes

Summary Management of plant-parasitic nematodes in no-tillage systems relies on knowledge of the species, their abundance and their host range in a certain cropping area. Crop rotation is one of the most efficient techniques in the control of plant-parasitic nematodes; thus, the identification of non-host plant species is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the host suitability of different cover crops used in crop rotations to control two of the most devastating plant-parasitic nematodes in the Brazilian central region, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomised design under glasshouse conditions. In the M. incognita experiment, seven treatments (cover crops) were evaluated: Crotalaria juncea (sunn hemp; CJ), Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo; TS), Pennisetum glaucum (millet; M), Triticum aestivum (wheat; W), Mucuna aterrima (black mucuna, BM), Glycine max (soybean treated with nematicide (fluensulfona) (SN) and soybean without nematicide (SwN)). In the M. javanica experiment, nine treatments were evaluated: Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Brassica napus (canola), B. nigra (mustard), CJ, M, W, BM, SN and SwN. The evaluations were performed 60 days after inoculation, when eggs and juveniles were present in the plant roots and soil, and the nematode reproduction factors (RF) were determined. The results indicated that CJ, M and BM were effective in controlling M. javanica and M. incognita. The SwN and even SN resulted in high RF and were not effective in the control of M. javanica and M. incognita.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 91-91
Author(s):  
Di Xiao ◽  
Indika Edirisinghe ◽  
Britt Burton-Freeman

Abstract Objectives Red raspberries (RRB) contain fiber and a unique combination of polyphenols with possible cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute red raspberry intake on cardio-metabolic markers of postprandial substrate metabolism and vascular endothelial function in older overweight/obese adults. Methods Thirty adults (age: 60 ± 4 years, BMI: 29.9 ± 3.0 kg m−2, mean ± SD) were randomized to the single-blinded, controlled, crossover trial. Participants consumed a high carbohydrate moderate fat breakfast (HCMF) meal containing 0 gram (control, 750 kcal) or 25 gram of freeze-dried RRB powder (2 cups fresh RRB equivalence, 752 kcal) on two occasions separated by 7 days washout period. Blood was collected at baseline and then again at 8 time points over 7.5 hours after test meals to determine glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed at baseline and then at 2 and 5 hours post test meal. Results A significant treatment * time interaction was observed for glucose (P = 0.014) and insulin (P < 0.01). Additionally, RRB significantly reduced the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of insulin (P < 0.05), as well as the postprandial maximum concentration of glucose (P < 0.05), and insulin (P < 0.05). No significant treatment-related differences were observed for triglycerides. Vascular function as measured by changes in %FMD was significantly influenced by treatment (RRB 5.5 ± 0.3% versus control 4.7 ± 0.3%, P = 0.015). Conclusions Acute RRB supplementation attenuated postprandial glycemia and increased the vascular relaxation response after an HCMF meal challenge in a group of older overweight and obese individuals. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Processed Raspberry Council.


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