Novel Genetic Dysregulations and Oxidative Damage in Fusarium graminearum Induced by Plant Defense Eliciting Psychrophilic Bacillus atrophaeus TS1

This study elaborates inter-kingdom signaling mechanisms, presenting a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to combat biotic as well as abiotic stress in wheat. Fusarium graminearum is a devastating pathogen causing head and seedling blight in wheat, leading to huge yield and economic losses. Psychrophilic Bacillus atrophaeus strain TS1 was found as a potential biocontrol agent for suppression of F. graminearum under low temperature by carrying out extensive biochemical and molecular studies in comparison with a temperate biocontrol model strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 at 15 and 25 °C. TS1 was able to produce hydrolytic extracellular enzymes as well as antimicrobial lipopeptides, i.e., surfactin, bacillomycin, and fengycin, efficiently at low temperatures. The Bacillus strain-induced oxidative cellular damage, ultrastructural deformities, and novel genetic dysregulations in the fungal pathogen as the bacterial treatment at low temperature were able to downregulate the expression of newly predicted novel fungal genes potentially belonging to necrosis inducing protein families (fgHCE and fgNPP1). The wheat pot experiments conducted at 15 and 25 °C revealed the potential of TS1 to elicit sudden induction of plant defense, namely, H2O2 and callose enhanced activity of plant defense-related enzymes and induced over-expression of defense-related genes which accumulatively lead to the suppression of F. graminearum and decreased diseased leaf area.

A photo-Responsive Porphyrin-Mn@Choles Complex for Bacteria Treatment

Biocompatible photo-driven producers of singlet oxygen can inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria and tumors. In order to bacteria targeting generator of singlet oxygen for tumor and bacterial treatment, a metal porphyrin liposome (Phy-Mn-Ls) was prepared by the metal coordination reaction and self-assembly of porphyrin compounds with bacteria targeting polymer (HS-PEG-chol). The photo-driven production of 1O2, binding with protein (BSA) and lipase, toxicity to MCF-7 breast cancer cells and inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli were investigated. Fluorescence analysis results show that Phy-Mn-Ls can bind to lipase, and it shows less effect on the conformation of BSA and is low cytotoxicity without irradiation. In particular, the good biocompatibility made Phy-Mn-Ls exhibit good photosensitive antibacterial activity and anti-tumor properties. The results demonstrate that the coordination of HS-PEG-chol with metal-phorphrin coodination is an effective way to develop bacteria targeting nano-complexes (Phy-Mn-Ls) for lipase affinity and photodriven bacteria treatment.

Decolourisation and Biodegradation of Textile Di-azo Dye Congo Red by Chryseobacterium geocarposphaerae DD3

In the present study, Chryseobacterium geocarposphaerae DD3 isolated from textile industry dye effluent in West Bengal, India, displayed significant tolerance to sulfonated di-azo dye Congo red (CR), up to 500 ppm. The optimum decolourisation revealed that C. geocarposphaerae DD3 was capable of 96.52% decolourisation of 0.2 g L−1 CR within 12 h of treatment in the presence of 5 g L−1 glucose as supplementary carbon source. Biodegradation analysis of decolourised CR containing water was investigated by FTIR, MS and 1H NMR, which confirmed the absence of azo bond as well as the toxic aromatic amines. Further, phytotoxicity analysis was performed to assess the toxicity of CR before and after bacterial treatment. Growth indexes of Vigna radiata L. seed confirmed that the biodegraded water was non-phytotoxic in comparison to the control CR solution. Multivariate analyses confirmed the same, showing significant differences between measured plant health indicators for CR solutions, whereas no significant differences were found between distilled and treated water. This study is novel as it is the first report of dye degradation by C. geocarposphaerae and may lead to a sustainable way of treating dye-contaminated water in the near future.

Evaluation of the PBMC Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cytokines Profiling in Cattle Infected with Mycoplasma bovis Strain 07801

Bovine respiratory diseases are widespread and too costly disease impacting contributes to economically essential diseases like mastitis and pneumonia worldwide. The present study aimed to explore the influence of M. bovis field strain 07801 on the status of PBMCs in the challenged cattle group and the immunized one. For this aim, the PBMCs proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine profile changes were determined. In this study, M. bovis strain Mb 07801 and reference strain PG45 were used; ten calves (2-3 months old) were arranged into two groups (5 calve each): 1) PBS-challenged group (with M. bovis 07801 at about 1010 CFU/ml), and 2) immunized group (by Inactivated M. bovis 07801); both groups were treated nasally and intra-tracheal. Blood samples were obtained from both groups and examined for PBMCs proliferation and apoptosis, as well as serum cytokine profile, before infection and at day zero and days 7, 14, 21, and 36 post bacterial treatment. The results revealed that M. bovis strain (07801and PG45) antigen increased the proliferative response of the stimulated PBMC compared with the unstimulated cells and ConA-alone stimulated. The PBMC apoptosis showed a non-significant increase in both challenged and immunized groups compared to the negative and positive control (treated with apoptosis inducer) groups. Besides, the levels of cytokines profile showed a significant up-regulation in IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10 IL-1β, and IL-13, in both groups, except IL-4 and IL-18 those recorded a down-regulation in the immunized group at days 7,14, 21, and 36 post-M. bovis infection. In conclusion, immunization markedly ameliorated the immune deterioration induced by M. bovis strain 07801.

Pimpinella Anisum Extracts, Safe Anti-Bacterial Treatment

Introduction: Now a day, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing and became a medical worldwide problem, therefore the achievement of a new safe disinfectant is deemed necessary. Pimpinella anisum (Pa) is an aromatic plant, belonging to the Umbelliferae family. It is a well-known traditional medicinal herb that has been used in old medicine as an antibacterial, anticancer, antiulcer, therefore, the aim of this study is evaluation of the anti-bacterial effect of PA extracts against Probiotics and pathogens bacteria. Method: 96-well microplates MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method. Five Serial dilutions from 50 to 1 μg/mL concentrations were admitted for all bacteria which include: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Probiotics complex. Results: PA watery extract demonstrates a statically inhibitory effect in just 50 g/L concentration against E.Coli, E. Faecalis, and Probiotic p= 0.000 for all, whereas this concentration was 25 g/L for Staph. Aureus and Pu p=0.000 and p= 0.007 respectively. PA alcohol extract displays the same effect in 1g/L for all bacteria p= 0.000 for all bacteria. Conclusion: Our results showed that PA in both watery and Alcohol extractions can inhibit both pathogenic and non-pathogen bacteria whereas active compounds are alcohol soluble. Long-time consumption of PA in an herbal product could disrupt normal bacteria of the gastrointestinal system while PA watery extract can promote Probiotics.

Quinoline containing benzimidazole and their biological activities

Quinoline and derivatives of Benzimidazole are widely studied for their different activities. One of the essential classes of anti-malarial and anti-bacterial treatment is the quinoline derivatives. Quinoline and Benzimidazole are flexible lead molecules used to model the future molecules of drugs. The present review outlines the potential pharmacological activities of quinoline and Benzimidazole derivatives.

Preparation of collective lead-zinc concentrates for selection cycle

The object of the study is a collective concentrate, which was obtained by flotation of sulfide lead-zinc ore from an East Siberian deposit using a combination of diesel fuel and butyl xanthate. In the collective concentrate the main ore minerals are galena and sphalerite. Non-metallic minerals are quartz, dolomite, calcite and chlorite. In the work were studied various methods of preparing a collective concentrate for a flotation selective cycle: without pulp preparation, washing with sodium sulfide, temperature, ultrasound, and bacterial treatment of a collective concentrate. The results of studies of the flotation selective cycle showed that it is impossible without preparation. Satisfactory technological indicators were not obtained when applying twice washing with sodium sulfide and using ultrasound. Introduction to the flow sheet of the operation of steaming in a medium of sodium sulfide and dosing of activated carbon into the process made it possible to obtain a foam product (lead concentrate) with a lead content of 45%, but the recovery was ~ 43%. In addition, the process is environmentally unfavorable, characterized by high material and energy costs. The prospects of using the bacterial method for preparing collective concentrates using diesel fuel for the flotation selective cycle are shown. The bacterial method consists in treating the collective concentrate with the bacteria Ochrobactrum anthropi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa JCM 5962.

Iron can be microbially extracted from Lunar and Martian regolith simulants and 3D printed into tough structural materials

In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) is increasingly acknowledged as an essential requirement for the construction of sustainable extra-terrestrial colonies. Even with decreasing launch costs, the ultimate goal of establishing colonies must be the usage of resources found at the destination of interest. Typical approaches towards ISRU are often constrained by the mass and energy requirements of transporting processing machineries, such as rovers and massive reactors, and the vast amount of consumables needed. Application of self-reproducing bacteria for the extraction of resources is a promising approach to reduce these pitfalls. In this work, the bacterium Shewanella oneidensis was used to reduce three different types of Lunar and Martian regolith simulants, allowing for the magnetic extraction of iron-rich materials. The combination of bacterial treatment and magnetic extraction resulted in a 5.8-times higher quantity of iron and 43.6% higher iron concentration compared to solely magnetic extraction. The materials were 3D printed into cylinders and the mechanical properties were tested, resulting in a 400% improvement in compressive strength in the bacterially treated samples. This work demonstrates a proof of concept for the on-demand production of construction and replacement parts in space exploration.