Effects of some crop management practices on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Christopher Steel ◽  
John Kirkegaard ◽  
Rod McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Soil Temperatures

AbstractThe effects of seed treatments with pesticides, soil temperature at sowing, cutting of plants with and without glyphosate herbicide, root disruption and age of crop at inoculation on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus were investigated. When inoculated at sowing, plants grown from fodder rape cv. Rangi seed treated with fenamiphos (0.35 g a.i. per 100 g) and from fodder swede cv. Highlander seed with a coating including imidacloprid had fewer galls than plants from seed untreated or treated with omethoate (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g). When nematode inoculation was delayed until 4 weeks after sowing, omethoate and the imadacloprid treatments had no effect while fenamiphos (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g seed) suppressed galling but also impaired seedling emergence and induced chlorosis. Green manure rape plants cvs Rangi and Humus transplanted into infested soil in the field in mid-autumn (soil temperature 17°C) remained nematode and gall-free, but tomato cv. Grosse Lisse plants were heavily galled. All three cultivars were gall-free when transplanted and grown in early winter (soil temperatures 8-14°C). Cutting off the tops of cv. Rangi plants at from 6 to 11 weeks after sowing and inoculation had no effect on egg production compared to that on intact plants. Predominant nematode stages in cut plants ranged from developing juveniles to egg-laying females. Application of glyphosate to freshly cut stems had no effect on egg production at any stage. Infesting soil with roots of cv. Rangi, finely chopped while nematodes in them were still juveniles, resulted in a low incidence of infection of bioassay tomato plants compared with infesting soil with rape roots chopped later, when females and females with eggs predominated. Young females in tomato roots laid eggs despite fine chopping of the roots. When cv. Rangi plants were inoculated at 3, 5 and 7 weeks after sowing, the 7-week-old plants were the least invaded and fewer eggs were produced on the 5 and 7-week-old plants than on the 3-week-old ones.

EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON SEEDLING EMERGENCE

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dubetz ◽  
G. C. Russell ◽  
D. T. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Sweet Clover ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Rough Fescue

Rate and percentage of emergence of 19 native and cultivated herbaceous species were studied at the following soil temperature: 6°, 13°, 18°, and 24 °C. The soil temperatures were held uniformly constant, and emergence data at the end of 5 weeks from four replications in time were obtained. The rate of emergence of all species was greater at 18 °C. than at 6 °C., and of all but five species was greater at 24 °C. than at 18 °C.The percentage of emergence of barley, bromegrass, crested wheatgrass, mustard, oats, peas, spring wheat, and wild oats was not significantly affected by soil temperature. Beans, corn, sugar beets, and sunflowers showed significantly lower emergence percentages at 6 °C. than at the three higher soil temperatures. Alfalfa, creeping red fescue, winter wheat, orchardgrass, rough fescue, sweet clover, and flax emerged best at moderate soil temperatures.

The influence of rotation, tillage and row spacing on near-surface soil temperature for winter wheat in southern Alberta

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Larney ◽  
T. Ren ◽  
S. M. McGinn ◽  
C. W. Lindwall ◽  
R. C. Izaurralde
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature

Soil and crop management practices and their effects on surface residue levels can modify soil temperature. Our study investigated the effect of rotation, tillage and row spacing on near-surface (0.025 m) soil temperature under winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1993-1994 and 1994-1995. The main treatment was winter wheat rotation: continuous winter wheat (WW); winter wheat-canola (Brassica campestris L.) (WC) or winter wheat-fallow (WF)] with tillage sub-treatments of conventional tillage (CT) vs. zero tillage (ZT) and row spacing treatments of uniform row (UR) vs. paired row (PR) spacing. From fall 1993 to spring 1994, ZT was cooler than CT by 1.2°C on the WC rotation, 1.1°C on WW and 0.4°C on the WF rotation. From fall 1994 to spring 1995, the magnitude of tillage differences was lower on all three rotations with ZT being cooler than CT by 0.1–0.9°C. The magnitude of the row spacing effect on soil temperature was less than that of the tillage effect. Extreme differences in soil temperature due to tillage were generally higher (1.0–4.9°C) on the WW and WC than the WF rotation (0.6–2.5°C) due to the presence of more crop residue. Results demonstrate that while ZT promotes overall cooler soils under winter wheat from fall to late spring, especially on continuously cropped (WW, WC) rotations, it also allows moderation of soil temperatures during extremely cold periods. Key words: Soil temperature, winter wheat, rotation, tillage, row spacing

scholarly journals Critical points on egg production: causes, importance and incidence of eggshell breakage and defects

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helenice Mazzuco ◽  
Antonio Gilberto Bertechini
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Adequate Nutrition

The occurrence of broken eggs directly depends on the quality of the shell. It is important to consider that the problem of broken eggs is not due to a single factor but a combination of factors. Shell defects, irregularities in shell shape, texture and surface are commonly observed during a regular egg laying cycle and the causes are varied. The incidence of downgraded eggs still represents an important source of economic loss for the egg industry due to products damage and need for further processing. It is possible to obtain significant reduction in the number of eggs lost due to the inferior quality of the shell attempting to an adequate nutrition, disease control, good management practices, and use of genetic lines with higher quality eggshell traits.

Effect of soil temperature on the pathology of Alternaria radicina on carrots

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1410-1418
Author(s):  
W. G. Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Weight Data ◽  
Similar Soil

The temperature of muck soil infested with Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler, and Eddy was found to have a marked effect upon the severity of root dieback or rusty root of carrots, Daucus carota L. When the surface of steam-sterilized muck soil was artificially reinfested with as few as 50 spores of A. radicina per square centimetre, less than 1% emergence occurred below 18 °C in controlled soil-temperature experiments. In muck soil naturally infested with A. radicina, carrot seedling emergence over the whole range of temperatures, 10–28 °C, was little more than half that obtained in steam-sterilized similar soil. The severity of root dieback increased sharply with decreasing temperature below 18 °C in both artificially reinfested and naturally infested soil. Alternaria radicina was found actively growing on carrots in naturally infested soil at and below 16 °C, but, when similar soil was steam sterilized and artificially reinfested after seedling emergence, A. radicina infected the young carrots in soil up to 26 °C. Alternaria radicina was consistently isolated both from carrots with symptoms of root dieback or rusty root and from the muck soil in which the carrots had been grown and had produced symptoms of root dieback or rusty root. An analysis of variance of the root weight data of the five cultivars of carrots used showed that the effect of soil temperature was independent of the effect of the infested soil on root growth. A multivariate analysis of variance affecting all means of root weight of the five cultivars showed that, in general, any selected number of carrot cultivars would each vary in root weight according to the soil temperature and to the infested soil significantly and independently.

scholarly journals Emergence of Sugar Beet Seedlings at Low Soil Temperature following Seed Soaking and Priming

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen Murray ◽  
Jerry B. Swensen ◽  
John J. Gallian
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Seedling emergence from primed and nonprimed sugar beet seed (Beta vulgaris L.) was studied for 3 years under field conditions near Kimberly, Idaho, and compared with germination or emergence under controlled laboratory conditions. Maximum seedling emergence did not vary with seed treatment in spite of low field soil temperatures. Time to 50% of maximum emergence was significantly less for seed primed with polyethylene glycol 8000 than for nonprimed seed in only 1 of 3 years. Seed soaked in 30C water for 24 h performed similarly to nontreated seed in the field, but their maximum emergence was significantly improved compared with primed seed in one of two laboratory experiments. Time to 50% of maximum germination was improved by priming with or without a warm water soak in one of the two laboratory experiments.

Effects of laboratory germination, soil temperature and moisture content on the emergence of spring wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Khah ◽  
R. H. Ellis ◽  
E. H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Soil Temperatures

SummaryIn field investigations in a sandy-loam soil, probit percentage seedling emergence of commercial and aged seed lots of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Timmo) was a positive linear function of probit percentage laboratory germination and mean soil temperature and a negative linear function of percentage soil moisture content over the ranges 12·1–15·5% moisture content and 7·0–11·0 °C. In a laboratory investigation using the same soil a similar form of relationship was observed in six lots over a range of constant soil moisture contents between 10 and 18% and at constant soil temperatures of 8 and 20 °C. In all cases there was no interaction between any of these determinants of seedling emergence.Linear relationships between the mean rate of seedling emergence in the field (i.e. reciprocal of mean emergence time) and probit percentage laboratory germination and mean soil temperature were shown, but there was no obvious effect of mean scil moisture content between 12·1 and 15·5% on rate of field emergence. Seed lots of different percentage laboratory germination had the same base tsmperature for emergence (1·9 °C): differences between seed lots in mean emergence rate were due to different thermal time (day-degree) requirements for emergence; the thermal times required were a function of probit percentage germination in a standard laboratory test. The implications of these results in providing better advice on sowing rates are discussed.

Effect of tillage and corn on pigweed (Amaranthusspp.) seedling emergence and density

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph O. E. Oryokot ◽  
Stephen D. Murphy ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
No Till ◽  
Prior Constraint ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
Moldboard Plow

We studied the effect of no-till, chisel, and moldboard plow and the presence or absence of corn on soil temperature, moisture and, subsequently, the emergence phenology and density of pigweed seedlings at 2 sites from 1993 to 1995 inclusively. Tillage significantly affected the phenology of pigweed seedling emergence only during a June drought at one site in 1994. Soil temperature and moisture, measured at 2.5-cm depths, also were unaffected by tillage. Weed phenology is usually earlier in no-till because more seeds are located closer to the surface (< 5 cm deep) in no-till, thereby reducing the delay in penetrating through the soil, and because soil temperatures and moisture are nearer the germination and emergence optima. However, pigweed seedlings are already physiologically restricted to germination depths of less than 2.5 cm regardless of tillage; therefore, this prior constraint eliminated any potential differences in emergence phenologies caused by tillage. The presence or absence of corn also did not affect soil temperatures, soil moisture, or pigweed seedling emergence phenologies. Pigweed seedling density was significantly higher in no-till; this may have been caused by increased numbers of seeds near the soil surface in no-till. The presence or absence of corn did not affect pigweed seedling density; the lack of a significant effect probably reflects high variances in density. Although necessary for most weed species, tillage may be a less important factor to consider in predicting pigweed population dynamics and subsequent management recommendations.

scholarly journals Soil Temperature Mediated Seedling Emergence and Field Establishment in Bentgrass Species and Cultivars during Spring in the Northeastern United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
J. Scott Ebdon ◽  
Michelle DaCosta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Golf Greens ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Mature Stands

Reestablishment of damaged golf greens and fairways planted to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris), and velvet bentgrass (A. canina) is a common practice following winter injuries. Identifying bentgrass species (Agrostis sp.) and cultivars with the potential to establish under low soil temperatures would be beneficial to achieving more mature stands earlier in the spring. Twelve bentgrass cultivars, including seven cultivars of creeping bentgrass (007, 13-M, Declaration, L-93, Memorial, Penncross, and T-1), two colonial bentgrass cultivars (Capri and Tiger II), and three velvet bentgrass cultivars (Greenwich, SR-7200, and Villa), along with ‘Barbeta’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were evaluated for grass cover in the field during early spring. Bentgrass species and cultivars were seeded in the field at the same seed count per unit area. Soil temperatures were monitored in unseeded check plots from initial planting date on 8 Apr. to termination on 29 May 2013. Soil temperatures increased linearly during the 52-day experimental period from 4.7 to 23.5 °C. All species and cultivars emerged at ≈10 °C soil temperature. Bentgrass species and cultivars varied only 2 to 3 days in their initial seedling emergence, while days varied among bentgrasses from 5.5 days (to 10% cover) to 8.6 days (to 90% cover). All velvet bentgrass cultivars required higher soil temperatures (13.6 °C) and more time (26 days) following initial seedling emergence to establish to 90% cover in the early spring. Creeping bentgrass cultivars 007, 13-M, and Memorial, along with colonial bentgrass cultivars Capri and Tiger II, were statistically equal to ‘Barbeta’ perennial ryegrass in their capacity after seedling emergence to achieve faster cover at lower soil temperatures. Heavier (larger) bentgrass seed was associated with faster cover during the early stages of establishment, but seed size was uncorrelated with establishment during later stages from 50% to 90% cover.

Probiotics in the diets of laying quails

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
O. Merzlyakova ◽  
V. Rogachyev ◽  
V. Chegodaev
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Cost

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

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