POLITICIZING REPRODUCTION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: OTTOMAN, TURKISH, AND FRENCH APPROACHES TO ABORTION LAW

Hawwa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89
Author(s):  
Ruth Miller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Catholic Tradition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

AbstractIn this essay I discuss modern abortion legislation in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and France. Using late nineteenth and early twentieth century fears of population decline and "race suicide" as a starting point, the first half of the essay examines the relationship between nationalist or authoritarian state formation and the criminalization of abortion in all three states. The second half of the paper discusses the gradual de-criminalization of abortion after the Second World War and its relationship to twentieth century rights rhetoric. In this essay I argue that both the criminalization and de-criminalization of abortion in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and France were central to modern citizenship formation, each process equally essential to the increasing politicization of reproductive behavior over the modern period. At the same time, I also argue that legislators in all three states looked back to unique "traditions" to serve as foundations for their post-eighteenth century laws—Ottoman and Turkish jurists making use of medieval and early modern debates in the Islamic world surrounding abortion and French jurists making use of an equally well-established Catholic tradition.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Baer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Francisco Franco ◽  
Mikhail Bakunin ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to show how the ebb and flow of Spanish anarchist migrations to Argentina helps explain the development of both a transnational anarchist ideology and related organizations that connect these two countries. It follows the lives, careers, ideas, influence, and travel of dozens of individuals who moved between these two countries in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. The life stories of individual immigrants allow us to explore their movements and understand how supranational links influenced the growth of the anarchist movements in Spain and Argentina. This study encompasses the period between 1868, when the ideas of Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin first became known in Spain, and the end of the Spanish Civil War, after which the regime of Generalíssimo Francisco Franco and the Second World War effectively ended the relationship between these two countries' anarchist movements. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.

ROOSEVELT'S MAN IN EUROPE

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Kenneth Weisbrode
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
World War ◽  
Literature And Politics ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

Lewis Einstein (1877–1967) was a little-known diplomat who became one of Theodore Roosevelt's closest advisers on European affairs. Roosevelt's attraction to Einstein derived not only from a keen writing style and considerable fluency in European history, literature and politics, but also from his instinct for anticipating the future of European rivalries and for the important role the United States could play there in preserving peace. The two men shared a perspective on the twentieth century that saw the United States as a central arbiter and enforcer of international order—a position the majority of Americans would accept and promote only after the Second World War. The relationship between Roosevelt and Einstein sheds light on the rising status of American diplomacy and diplomats and their self-image vis-à-vis Europe at the turn of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Narrative- and Space-Making in the City on the Example of Lublin

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Hudzik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
General Information ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

This paper discusses the literary, artistic, scientific, and educational narratives that are (re)created to facilitate the city’s recovery of memory in the wake of the Holocaust.This is the case with Lublin.The story of the complete destruction of its Jewish quarter in the Second World War is a tragically familiar one in Central Europe, even though it had been silenced and forgotten for decades during the communist period. I would like to analyze an essayistic project that searches for a new language about a place left empty. How could one fill the void by making it mean something to new people, becoming their own narrative, and preserving the presence of the city’s former inhabitants? How is it possible to create a new mythology of a place? I assume that such questions must have been the starting point for essays on Lublin byWładysław Panas (1947–2005), related to the commemoration in the context of urban space. My text comes in four parts. I begin with general information and historical background, as well as an introduction to the analysis of Panas’s essay Oko Cadyka (The Eye of the Tzaddik) − the main subject of my paper − which exemplifies the reflection on the creation of narrative and urban space in contemporary humanities. In the second part, I focus on and contextualize the relationship between text and city that the essay postulates. The third part deals with theoretical approaches to interpretation. The fourth part underlines the scientific and critical aspects of Panas’s text, which questions the language of science − the humanities, historiography, and theory in general. I end with a look at some artistic projects inspired by his images.

‘The experiments are not found wanting’ – Labour and the Wartime State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Swift
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
British State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This chapter is concerned with the growth of the British state during the war, the relationship of the labour movement vis-à-vis the state, and the ramifications of this for the ideology and practice of the Left after the conflict. The first three decades of the twentieth century saw a variety of viewpoints as to how best theoretically and practically organise the economy and society, and the vision which was put into practice after 1945 was not necessarily destined to dominate. While the experience of the Depression and the Second World War - and the memory of broken promises and failed ambitions after the First – was certainly crucial to the coalescence of the ‘spirit of ‘45’ it is argued in this chapter that not enough significance has been attributed to the experience of 1914-1918 in this development.

scholarly journals EUGENICS, POPULATION RESEARCH, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY STUDIES IN EARLY AND MID-TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS RENWICK
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
Population Research ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

ABSTRACTEugenics and sociology are often considered polar opposites, with the former seen as a pseudo-science that reduces everything to genes and the other a progressive social science focused on the environment. However, the situation was not quite so straightforward in mid-twentieth-century Britain. As this article shows, eugenics had a number of important formative intellectual, institutional, and methodological impacts on ideas and practices that would find a home in the rapidly expanding and diversifying discipline of sociology after the Second World War. Taking in the careers of leading individuals, including Alexander Carr-Saunders, William Beveridge, Julian Huxley, and David Glass, and focusing on the relationship between eugenics, ‘population research’, and the emerging field of social mobility studies, the article highlights the significant but underappreciated influence interwar biosocial thinking had on intellectual, scientific, and political cultures in post-war Britain. In so doing, the article draws on recent scholarship on the ‘technical identity’ embedded in mid-century British social science, which, it is suggested, provided the link between the research under consideration and the progressive politics of those who carried it out.

Beware of Pity: Stefan Zweig and the Fate of Narrative Empathy under Surveillance

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-260
Author(s):  
Emily Ridge
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Post Office ◽  
World War ◽  
Stefan Zweig ◽  
Narrative Distance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

Abstract In the epigraph to his 1939 novel Beware of Pity, Stefan Zweig distinguishes between a form of “unsentimental but creative” empathy and a mode of “weak-minded, sentimental pity” that serves only as a “way of defending yourself against someone else's pain.” Focusing on Beware of Pity as well as The Post Office Girl and Chess, this article interprets Zweig's epigraph as a commentary on narrative as well as interpersonal forms of engagement, centered upon his conception of the relationship between author/narrator and suffering protagonist. Drawing on the work of David Rosen and Aaron Santesso, it further posits “empathetic surveillance” as a figure through which to assess this relationship, because Zweig can frequently be found to experiment with narrative distance and observation where the scene of suffering is concerned. His late writing demonstrates an attempt to work through his own conflicting wartime experiences of fellow feeling, but it also offers a sustained reflection on the implications of a broader crisis in empathy on a narrative level around the Second World War. The article characterizes Zweig's particular approach to narrative empathy in terms of an “empathic realism,” which can be defined both against what Meghan Marie Hammond has recently called “empathic modernism” and in contradistinction to nineteenth-century “sympathetic realism.” Poised between pre- and postwar outlooks, his work provides valuable insights on the changing contours of empathetic authorship across the twentieth century.

Fighters and Footballers

Migrant City ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 254-280
Author(s):  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Football Team ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This chapter explores the history of football in London and the participation of migrants and ethnic minorities within it. It explains that migrant participation in football acts as a key symbol of the relationship between migration and globalization, illustrating the forces of multiculturalism and racism in action. It resembles other aspects of the migration history of the British capital in the sense that the period before the Second World War and even before the 1980s appears one dominated by the white British in terms of the professionals who played this sport. However, as in the case of much else in the migration history of London, scratch below the surface and there emerges a longer history of migrant participation involving the Irish in particular, as well as a few people of Jewish, African, and Caribbean origin. The global and multi-ethnic football team has thus become the norm by the end of the twentieth century, symbolized especially by Arsenal and Chelsea fielding teams consisting almost entirely of foreigners by 1999.

Marie Ulčová and her Contribution to the West Bohemian Museums

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Nela Štorková
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
West Bohemia ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Second World

While today the Ethnographic Museum of the Pilsen Region represents just one of the departments of the Museum of West Bohemia in Pilsen, at the beginning of the twentieth century, in 1915, it emerged as an independent institution devoted to a study of life in the Pilsen region. Ladislav Lábek, the founder and long-time director, bears the greatest credit for this museum. This study presents PhDr. Marie Ulčová, who joined the museum shortly after the Second World War and in 1963 replaced Mr. Lábek on his imaginary throne. The main objective of this article is to introduce the personality of Marie Ulčová and to evaluate the activity of this Pilsen ethnographer and the museum employee with an emphasis on her work in the Ethnographic Museum of the Pilsen Region. The basic aspects of the ethnographic activities, not only of Marie Ulčová but also of the Ethnographic Museum of the Pilsen Region in the years 1963–1988, are described through her professional and popularising articles, archival sources and contemporary periodicals.

Alien Internment in John Galsworthy’s ‘The Bright Side’ and ‘The Dog It was that Died’

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
Jill Felicity Durey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Short Stories ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Internment Camp ◽  
Bright Side ◽  
Second World ◽  
John Galsworthy

This article illuminates two short stories by John Galsworthy through examining them with the help of his diaries and letters, a handful of unpublished letters by his nephew from an internment camp and secondary historical sources. It argues that the stories, when read in conjunction with these sources, are highly revealing about human nature during Second World War and also about Galsworthy’s prescient fears concerning a second twentieth-century world war, which he did not live to see.

Versatile and cheap: a global history of soy in the first half of the twentieth century

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Prodöhl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Transnational Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis article traces the complex and shifting organization of soy's production and consumption from Northeast China to Europe and the United States. It focuses on a set of national and transnational actors with differing interests in the global and national spread of soybeans. The combination of these actors in certain spatiotemporal contexts enabled a fundamental change in soy from an Asian to an American cash crop. At the beginning of the twentieth century, soy rapidly became Northeast China's cash crop, owing to steadily increasing Western demand. However, the versatility of soy – and soy oil in particular – offered a highly successful response to the agricultural and industrial challenges that the United States faced during the Great Depression and the Second World War. By the end of the war, American farmers in the Midwest cultivated more soybeans than their Chinese counterparts.

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