scholarly journals Correlated evolution between herbivory and gastrointestinal tract in a prolific lizard adaptive radiation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daniel Pincheira-Donoso
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Fluctuating Resources ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Intestine Length ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Extreme Cold

Abstract Radiations of ectothermic vertebrates across cold climates depend on the coordinated evolution of multiple traits that compensate for the constraints imposed by limited and fluctuating resources, such as temperature, food and oxygen. One of nature’s most prolific such radiations, Liolaemus lizards, has diversified across the extreme cold climates of the Andes and Patagonia. Remarkably, the prevailing patterns of reptile herbivory are opposed by Liolaemus which, in contrast with lizards generally, have repeatedly evolved plant consumption across small-bodied species from cold climates. Herbivory is hypothesized to depend on the evolution of multiple traits that maximize absorption of nutrients from an intrinsically poor-quality diet, such as increases in gastrointestinal tract size and increases in the density of nematodes in the intestine that may assist with plant digestion. Here, a comparative phylogenetic approach across Liolaemus species is implemented to test these hypotheses, which have only been investigated nonphylogenetically. Results reveal that intestine length increases consistently with increasing herbivory, whereas stomach size or nematode load are not associated with plant consumption. Body size plays no role in herbivory either. Consequently, this evidence places emphasis on the enlargement of the intestine to facilitate the evolution of herbivory in cold climates.

scholarly journals Computer-Assisted Segmentation of Videocapsule Images Using Alpha-Divergence-Based Active Contour in the Framework of Intestinal Pathologies Detection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Meziou ◽  
A. Histace ◽  
F. Precioso ◽  
O. Romain ◽  
X. Dray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Active Contour ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Contour Segmentation ◽  
Semiautomatic Segmentation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Statistical Similarity ◽  
Wireless Capsule

Visualization of the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract through natural orifices is a challenge for endoscopists. Videoendoscopy is currently the “gold standard” technique for diagnosis of different pathologies of the intestinal tract. Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has been developed in the 1990s as an alternative to videoendoscopy to allow direct examination of the gastrointestinal tract without any need for sedation. Nevertheless, the systematic postexamination by the specialist of the 50,000 (for the small bowel) to 150,000 images (for the colon) of a complete acquisition using WCE remains time-consuming and challenging due to the poor quality of WCE images. In this paper, a semiautomatic segmentation for analysis of WCE images is proposed. Based on active contour segmentation, the proposed method introduces alpha-divergences, a flexible statistical similarity measure that gives a real flexibility to different types of gastrointestinal pathologies. Results of segmentation using the proposed approach are shown on different types of real-case examinations, from (multi)polyp(s) segmentation, to radiation enteritis delineation.

The utilization of roughage by sheep and the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus (Desmarest)

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
JZ Foot ◽  
B Romberg
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Food Residues

Two roughage diets, lucerne hay and oat straw, were given to three Corriedale sheep and three red kangaroos. Dry matter intakes, nitrogen balances, and body weight changes of the animals were compared, and the digestibilities of each diet by each species and the retention times of the food residues in their alimentary tracts were estimated. The kangaroos were less affected by the quality of the diet than were the sheep. The sheep ate nearly the same amount of lucerne hay and less oat straw than the kangaroos, after adjustment for body weight differences. Digestibility coefficients were higher for the lucerne hay when fed to the sheep, but apparent dry matter digestibility coefficients for oat straw were about the same for sheep and kangaroos. The mean retention times of food residues were lower in the kangaroos, and dietary nitrogen was retained to the same or a slightly lesser extent than in the sheep. The kangaroos maintained weight on the poor quality diet and appeared to be even better adapted to utilize this type of roughage than the sheep.

scholarly journals Worsening of Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Atherosclerotic Lesions in Aged LDLr-/- Mice after Consumption of Guarana Soft Drinks

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layla Aparecida Chisté ◽  
Beatriz Peters Pereira ◽  
Marcella Leite Porto ◽  
Jairo Pinto de Oliveira ◽  
Arícia Leone Evangelista Monteiro de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Background. Excessive consumption of soft drinks (SD) has become a health problem worldwide due to its association with related cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the possible impacts associated with the consumption of Brazilian guarana (normal and zero) SD in dyslipidemic mice, thus mitigating potential clinical confounders such as poor-quality diet, lifestyle, body composition, and/or comorbidities. Methods. Sixteen-month-old LDLr-/- mice were divided into the following groups: (1) control; (2) GSD: normal guarana SD; and (3) Z-GSD: zero guarana SD. All were fed ad libitum, and blood pressure was measured noninvasively. After 8 weeks, aorta, blood, liver, and stomach samples were collected for histological and biochemical analyses. Results. Guarana soft drinks increased atherosclerosis (~60%) and were associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis (~2-fold) of blood cells, besides presenting an increase in liver and gastric damage even in normoglycemia. Interestingly, Z-GSD did not cause the aforementioned changes, except in hemodynamic and renal parameters. Conclusions. Chronic administration of GSD is prooxidative, compromising the cardiovascular, gastric, and hepatic systems; the effects are due at least in part to free sugar consumption but not to guarana extract per se.

scholarly journals Urinary Potassium Is a Clinically Useful Test to Detect a Poor Quality Diet

2009 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Mente ◽  
E. Jan Irvine ◽  
R. John D'A. Honey ◽  
Alexander G. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Urinary Potassium ◽  
Quality Diet

Gluten-free flour confectionery for school meals

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
V.G. Kulakov
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Confectionery Products ◽  
The University

The priority task in the development of gluten-free flour confectionery products is to ensure the health of children with metabolic disorders that lead to the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and other pathological conditions, which in turn contribute to reducing the child's immunity. Children are the most vulnerable group, for whom nutrition is a factor in the development of all organs and life support systems. Students receive increased mental and physical loads, therefore, the lack of necessary food components negatively affects the development of children. Parents are undoubtedly aware of the role of proper nutrition, especially for children with various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, but it is extremely important that educational institutions at all levels complement and in some cases completely make up for poor-quality nutrition of the child in the family. All educational institutions have children with metabolic disorders, and these institutions are already working in accordance with the sanitary norms and regulations of the Russian Federation, but the task of the University is to inform such institutions about the need to provide specialized products, including gluten-free ones.

scholarly journals Young people with epilepsy have an increased risk of eating disorder and poor quality diet

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivind Kolstad ◽  
Marte Bjørk ◽  
Nils Erik Gilhus ◽  
Kristin Alfstad ◽  
Jocelyn Clench-Aas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Young People ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quality Diet

scholarly journals Some Gastrointestinal Tract Characteristics of Karayaka Ram Lambs Slaughtered at Different Weights

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Arda Yıldırım ◽  
Yüksel Aksoy ◽  
Nuh Ocak ◽  
Zafer Ulutaş
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Intestine Length ◽  
Ram Lambs

Thirty-one Karayaka ram lambs were slaughtered at different body weights (30n=7, 35n=6, 40n=7, 45n=6, and 50n=5 kg of body weight at fast) to evaluate the growth of their gastrointestinal tract (GIT) characteristics, to determine the relationship among slaughter body weight (SBW) and empty body weight (EBW), whole GIT and segments, and the influence of slaughter weight on the pH of rumen, jejunum, and cecal contents. The effects of the SBW on GIT weightP<0.05, stomachP<0.001, and intestineP<0.05, the body lengthP<0.001and caecumP<0.05, and the relative weights of GITP<0.05, stomachP<0.001, and intestineP<0.001were linear whereas that for the length of intestine were quadratic. The effect of SBW were quadraticP<0.05on ratios of stomach to GIT weight and intestine length to intestine weight and rumen pH while, for the intestine to GIT weight ratioP<0.001and caecum pHP<0.05, this effect was linear. The results indicated that for all parameters studied, with the exception of intestinal length and cecal pH, linear relationships were observed with SBW indicating steady growth rates for these tissues.

MON-PP108: A Poor Quality Diet is Associated with Higher Exacerbation Rate in Patients with COPD

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. S168
Author(s):  
E. Rutten ◽  
L.E. Vanfleteren ◽  
E. Clevers ◽  
P. van Melick ◽  
M.A. Spruit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Exacerbation Rate ◽  
Quality Diet

Seasonal changes of ingesta mean retention time and forestomach fluid volume in indigenous camels, cattle, sheep and goats grazing a thornbush savannah pasture in Kenya

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lechner-Doll ◽  
T. Rutagwenda ◽  
H. J. Schwartz ◽  
W. Schultka ◽  
W. V. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Selectivity Factor ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Northern Kenya ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

SUMMARYThe study was carried out in northern Kenya in 1984–87. Forestomach volumes and digesta retention times were measured using Cr-EDTA or Co-EDTA as fluid markers and Ce-labelled particles or Cr-mordanted particles as paniculate phase markers.Mean retention times of fluid and of particles were longer in the dry season than in the green season in all four animal species. The increase of particle mean retention time, as a percentage of the values in the green season, was highest in sheep (46%), followed by cattle (27%), goats (22%) and camels(18%). Forestomach volumes were also greater in the dry than in the green season; the increase was again highest in sheep (55%), followed by cattle (31%), goats (29%) and camels (28%). Outflow rates of fluid from the forestomach and the selectivity factor, by which small particles were retained longer in the forestomach than fluid, did not differ significantly between the seasons.It is suggested that the increase of forestomach volumes is an effective adaptation to dry-season pasture conditions. It enables the animals to retain feed particles longer in the forestomach and so improve fibre digestion when feed quality is low. Cattle and sheep, which depend on a poor quality diet, improve fibre digestion in this way in the dry season more effectively than camels and goats. Camels and goats, on the other hand, were able to select a diet of such quality, even in the dry season, that their need to augment fibre digestion was reduced.

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