Regulating Navigation through the Turkish Straits: A Challenge for Modern International Environmental Law

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-559
Author(s):  
Jeanene M. Mitchell ◽  
Christopher C. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Treaty Rights ◽  
International Commerce ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Ocean Law

AbstractThe Turkish Straits occupy a strategic position in international commerce, as they form a vital link between the states of the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and the world beyond. This important waterway is the subject of considerable international disagreement over whether Turkey possesses the lawful right to regulate vessels carrying goods and petroleum through the straits. Turkey, whose heavily populated coastline borders both shores of the entire strait, asserts the authority to govern vessel navigation through the passageway on grounds of national sovereignty and international treaty rights. It adopted in 1994 and 1998 two special sets of shipping regulations aimed at minimising shipping accidents, avoiding collisions, and protecting the local marine environment. Russia and the other Black Sea states contend that Turkey's action contravenes the 1936 Montreux Convention, which guarantees free passage through the straits. Turkey is concerned for the safety of the local population, who might be injured by a huge maritime disaster in the strait. Russia's perspectives turn on its need to export oil by tankers through the straits. This article discusses recent relevant instruments of environmental and ocean law as they relate to straits.

The referendum as an institution in the Black Sea Region: Does it signal the rise or collapse of democracy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Podolak
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Important State ◽  
Constitutional Changes

Views on the institution of direct democracy have changed during the period of democratic transition. The various advantages and positive effects of direct democracy have been confirmed by the practice of some democratic countries. Its educational and political activation value for society was also noted, without which civil society cannot form. The referendum is especially treated as the purest form of correlation between the views of society and the decisions of its representatives. In a situation where two representative bodies are present – the parliament and the president – a referendum is considered a means of resolving disputes between them in important state affairs. The referendum is nowadays becoming more than just a binding or consultative opinion on a legislative act, especially a constitution. First and foremost, it is important to see the extension of the type and scope of issues that are subject to direct voting. Apart from the traditional, i.e., constitutional changes, polarising issues that raise considerable emotion have become the subject of referenda. Problems of this type include, in particular, moral issues, membership in international organisations, and so-called ‘New Policy’. This article presents the role and importance of the referendum as an institution shaping the democratic systems of the Black Sea Region.

Synagogue as Infrastructure in Everyday Life of Batumi Jewish Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 323-338
Author(s):  
Nino Abakelia
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
And Function

Abstract The subject under scrutiny is Sephardic and Ashkenazi synagogues in Batumi (the Black Sea Region of Georgia) that reveal both universal and culturally specific forms. The paper is based on ethnographic data gathered during fieldwork in Batumi, in 2019, and on the theoretical postulates of anthropology of infrastructure. The article argues that the Batumi synagogues could be viewed and understood as ‘infrastructure’ in their own right, as they serve as objects through which other objects, people, and ideas operate and function as a system. The paper attempts to demonstrate how the sacred edifices change their trajectory according to modern conditions and how the sacred place is inserted and coexists inside a network of touristic infrastructure.

The earliest Greek settlements on the Black Sea

1976 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Drews
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
The Subject

The date and circumstances of the first Greek settlements on the Black Sea are matters of considerable disagreement. This is the result both of the scattered nature of the literary evidence on the subject, and of the dearth of archaeological evidence for Pontic settlements other than those on the western and northern shores. A century ago it was commonly thought that although the great majority of colonies were sent out in the seventh and sixth centuries, Trapezus and Sinope, as our sources say or imply, were founded in the middle of the eighth. For a variety of reasons, among them an increased reliance on archaeologically secured dates, this view went out of favour, and opinion inclined toward the view that the Greeks did not enter the Black Sea at all until after 700. This view was both expressed in and supported by Rhys Carpenter's thesis that not until the penteconter was invented (an invention which he dated to the early seventh century) could the Greeks make head against the four-knot current which flows through the Bosporus from the Black Sea. Articles by B. W. Labaree and A. J. Graham, however, have undermined Carpenter's argument, and it is now once again not unusual to find references to Greek activity in the Black Sea before 700.

ENTERTAINMENT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE BLACK SEA PROVINCE AS A REFLECTION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL REQUESTS OF THE REGIONAL COMMUNITY (late 19th - early 20th century)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6/1) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Sergey N. KTITOROV ◽  
Оlga V. KTITOROVA
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Regional Society ◽  
Regional Community ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The article discusses the formation of entertainment infrastructure in the cities of the Black Sea province in the late 19th - early 20th century. in close connection with the development of the recreational function of the region. The dependence of the process of creation and activity of leisure establishments on the sociocultural demands and needs of the regional community is shown. The characteristic of natural geographic, socio-economic, demographic and other factors influencing the organization of various forms of recreation, both visitors and local residents, is given. The authors conclude that entertainment for members of regional society was one of the ways to overcome the feeling of alienation and isolation from the outside world. The focus of the article is on the consideration of cinemas and circuses, which in the pre-revolutionary period in Russia were the most popular entertainment establishments and attracted the largest number of viewers. The study provides detailed statistical information about cinemas in Novorossiysk and other cities of the Black Sea province, assesses their material base, characterizes the genre variety of the repertoire. Also highlights the specifics of organizing circus performances, and other leisure activities. It justifies the conclusion that the extensive network of entertainment establishments that developed in the Black Sea cities in the pre-revolutionary period served the sociocultural requests of both the local population and the visiting resort community, and their activity became one of the factors shaping a specific urban lifestyle that is brighter and more dynamic than weekdays Russian village. According to the authors, the spread among various social groups of citizens of various forms of leisure was a reflection of the democratization of society and was the result of modernization processes sweeping the country.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE NUMBER OF THE STEPPER SNAKE VIPERA RENARDI IN THE SOUTH OF THE LEFT BANK OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Selyunina Z. V. ◽  
Markautsan О. Е. ◽  
Dubov S. V.
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The South

The steppe viper (Vipera renardi (= ursinii) Christoph, 1861) is a background species of snakes in the steppe zone of southern left-bank Ukraine. This species is a figurant in the Red Book of Ukraine and is protected in accordance with the Bern Convention. According to the IUCN Red List, Vipera renardi has a Vulnerable species (VU) status, which is assigned to species that are under threat of becoming endangered. Anthropogenic transformation, namely, plowing, afforestation, irrigated agriculture, fires, synanthropization, etc., lead to the fact that in the Black Sea steppe, in the Lower Dnieper arenas of steppe, the viper disappears. This species has been preserved in the protected areas of the region and in the less transformed areas of the coastal and sandy steppe. The study area includes the forest-steppe areas of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (BSBR) and the territory of the “Svyatoslav’s Biloberezhzhya” National Nature Park (NNP BS) on the Kinburn Peninsula, the Black Sea areas and the islands of Tendrivska and Yahorlytska Bays, which are part of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve. The dynamics of the number of steppe vipers also depends on abiotic factors too. In wetter years and the next 1-2 years, the number of vipers in the region decreases. In dry years, the number of steppe vipers increases. In the last 20 years, according to the results of long-term monitoring, the dynamics of the steppe viper population has a negative trend both in the Black Sea steppe and in the arenas of the Lower Dnieper.The cyclic dynamics of the steppe viper in our region is 3-5 years, the highest amplitude is 1.4 units, the maximum values of the relative abundance over the past 20 years have decreased from 1.5 to 0.4 ind./km, the minimum - from 0.3 to 0,1 ind./km. To preserve the population of this species in the south of the left-bank Ukraine, it is necessary to increase the areas with limited use of natural resources, namely, with the prohibition of plowing, prevention of excessive grazing and exploitation of sand deposits. In addition, it is required to strengthen environmental education and propaganda among the local population about the need to preserve the steppe viper in natural conditions and change the hypertrophied thought about the danger of this snake. The extensive network of protected areas in the region: reserves, national nature parks, regional landscape parks, protected tracts, etc., contributes to the conservation of this species. Key words: steppe viper, Black Sea steppe, Lower Dnieper arenas, population dynamics, monitoring.

scholarly journals Pia Guldager and Jane Hjar Petersen (eds.), Meetings of cultures in the Black Sea region. Between conflict and coexistence, (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2008)

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cantaluppi
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
International Conference ◽  
The Subject

The meetings of cultures in the Black Sea region was the subject of the seventh international conference in Black Sea Studies, held in January 2006 by the Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre.

“Across the Main Caucasus Ridge”. The Caucasus Writings of George Kennan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irakli Tskhvediani
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Subject

In 1870, George Kennan, a pioneering explorer, writer, and lecturer on Russia in the nineteenth century, became the first American to cross the Caucasus from the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea and explore the highlands of Dagestan, a remote Muslim region west of Chechnya, only a decade after Russia violently absorbed the region into its empire. He kept detailed journals of his adventures, creating a vivid narrative of his six-month odyssey. This trip in 1870 is the subject of this paper, focusing on the account of Kennan’s Caucasus journey that chronicles his expedition from Dagestan to Georgia over the Main Caucasus Ridge.

The Black Sea Basin regionalism: guidelines of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine (international legal dimension)

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
S. Kuznietsov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Maritime Policy ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Special Area ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
International Conventions

The article analyzes and evaluates advantages, disadvantages and possibilities for implementation of the Black Sea Basin Regionalism in the Black Sea basin as a guiding position of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine. The subject of the study is the analysis and evaluation of advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of implementation of the Black Sea Basin Regionalism in the Black Sea basin as a guiding position of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine. The Black Sea Basin Regionalism is defined as the interaction of states aimed at settling relations arising in the field of maritime activities in the Black Sea basin, in order to solve common problems of rational use of its natural resources. It is suggested to understand the Black Sea Basin Regionalism as a guiding principle of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine, which (given its international legal dimension) can be implemented for building Ukrainian maritime policy in the Black Sea basin and support its effective implementation. The international legal basis of Black Sea Basin Regionalism is defined as bilateral and multilateral international agreements, where both Circum-Pontic states and not Circum-Pontic states are or can be parties and are concluded on the basis of and within the framework of universal international conventions of a global nature, in order to implement the latter, taking into account the conditions of the Black Sea basin as a “special area” of the sea. Activation of maritime activities of states in the Black Sea basin necessitates further improvement of legal regulation of relations that arise and the effectiveness (rationality) of its implementation on the global (international legal dimension), regional (European integration dimension) and national (regional and interregional dimension within Ukraine) levels.

scholarly journals Abundance and Summer Distribution of a Local Stock of Black Sea Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (Cetacea, Delphinidae), in Coastal Waters near Sudak (Ukraine, Crimea)

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Gladilina ◽  
P. E. Gol’din
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Line Transect Survey ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Summer Distribution ◽  
Other World

Abstract The first assessment of abundance of a local population of bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea (near the Sudak coast) in 2011–2012 has been conducted: the results of a mark-recapture study of photo identified animals were complemented by a vessel line transect survey. The overall abundance of a population was estimated at between 621 ± 198 and 715 ± 267 animals (Chapman and Petersen estimates), and the majority of members of the population were recorded in the surveyed area. The summer range covered the area of a few hundred square kilometers, similar to migrating coastal stocks in other world regions. The greatest density of distribution was observed in August in sea 45–60 m deep; in addition, frequent approaches to the coastline are usual for dolphins of this stock. These trends in distribution may be partly explained by distribution of prey. Interaction with sprat trawling fisheries can be a factor shaping the local population structure. Coastal waters of Sudak and adjoining sea areas are an important habitat for bottlenose dolphins in the northern Black Sea, significant for their conservation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document