Updating the International Seafarers' Code: Recent Developments

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Politakis
Keyword(s):  
State Control ◽  
Private Placement ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Changing Practices ◽  
Working And Living Conditions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Core Issues

AbstractMaritime labour matters have traditionally been of particular importance as far as the ILO's standard-setting function is concerned. To date, the ILO has adopted a total of 39 conventions and 30 recommendations-a body of labour standards known as the International Seafarer's Code-addressing the specific problems related to the working and living conditions of seafarers. The 84th (Maritime) session of the International Labour Conference, held in October 1996, undertook to revise core issues of this body of standards in the light of rapidly changing practices and needs of the maritime sector. This article traces briefly the negotiating history and highlights some of the most salient aspects of the new conventional instruments such as the setting of the minimum age for seafarers at 16 years, the adoption of a convention for the first time on labour inspection, the establishment of daily and weekly limitations on hours of work, the extension of port state control (as provided for in ILO Convention 147) in matters concerning hours of work and manning, or the recognition of private placement services for seafarers.

Recent developments in low-voltage SEM of polymers

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 866-867
Author(s):  
S.J. Krause ◽  
W.W. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Beam Currents ◽  
New Generation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Voltage Scanning ◽  
Beam Damage

Over the past decade low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) of polymers has evolved from an interesting curiosity to a powerful analytical technique. This development has been driven by improved instrumentation and in particular, reliable field emission gun (FEG) SEMs. The usefulness of LVSEM has also grown because of an improved theoretical and experimental understanding of sample-beam interactions and by advances in sample preparation and operating techniques. This paper will review progress in polymer LVSEM and present recent results and developments in the field.In the early 1980s a new generation of SEMs produced beam currents that were sufficient to allow imaging at low voltages from 5keV to 0.5 keV. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to routinely image uncoated polymers at voltages below their negative charging threshold, the "second crossover", E2 (Fig. 1). LVSEM also improved contrast and reduced beam damage in sputter metal coated polymers. Unfortunately, resolution was limited to a few tenths of a micron due to the low brightness and chromatic aberration of thermal electron emission sources.

Organic Reactivity Control by Means of Neighboring Groups and Organometallics. A Personal Account

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metals ◽  
Cyclopropane Ring ◽  
Allylic Substitutions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cardioactive Drug ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Metal Catalyzed ◽  
Electrophilic Additions ◽  
Near Future ◽  
First Time

This review summarizes the main topics of our research and covers the period of the last 15 years. The prime interest is focused on various ways of controlling the regio- and stereoselectivity of selected organic reactions, in particular electrophilic additions, cleavage of cyclopropane rings, and allylic substitutions by means of neighboring groups and/or transition and non-transition metals. In the first part, the factors governing the course of electrophilic additions are assessed, culminating in the formulation of selection rules for the reactivity of cyclohexene systems, and in a concise synthesis of the natural cardioactive drug, strophanthidin. These studies also contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of electrophilic additions. The second part describes recent developments in the stereo- and regiocontrolled cleavage of cyclopropane rings by non-transition metals (Tl and Hg), and the reactivity and transmetalation (with Pd) of the primary products. This methodology has resulted in novel routes to unique polycyclic structures, and will have synthetic applications in the near future. Evidence for the stereospecific "corner" cleavage of the cyclopropane ring has been provided for the first time for Tl and later for Hg. The third part deals with transition metal-catalyzed allylic substitution. Evidence for a new "syn" mechanism for the formation of the intermediate (π-allyl)palladium complex has been provided, which runs counter to the generally accepted "anti" mechanism. A novel method for a Pd-catalyzed allylic oxidation has been developed and employed in the synthesis of natural sesquiterpenes. The increasing importance of transition and non-transition metals for synthetic organic chemistry is demonstrated by their unique reactivity in a number of the papers included in this review.

Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
First Time ◽  
Site Types

The recycling and reuse of materials and objects were extensive in the past, but have rarely been embedded into models of the economy; even more rarely has any attempt been made to assess the scale of these practices. Recent developments, including the use of large datasets, computational modelling, and high-resolution analytical chemistry, are increasingly offering the means to reconstruct recycling and reuse, and even to approach the thorny matter of quantification. Growing scholarly interest in the topic has also led to an increasing recognition of these practices from those employing more traditional methodological approaches, which are sometimes coupled with innovative archaeological theory. Thanks to these efforts, it has been possible for the first time in this volume to draw together archaeological case studies on the recycling and reuse of a wide range of materials, from papyri and textiles, to amphorae, metals and glass, building materials and statuary. Recycling and reuse occur at a range of site types, and often in contexts which cross-cut material categories, or move from one object category to another. The volume focuses principally on the Roman Imperial and late antique world, over a broad geographical span ranging from Britain to North Africa and the East Mediterranean. Last, but not least, the volume is unique in focusing upon these activities as a part of the status quo, and not just as a response to crisis.

Growth rates of pterobranchs and the lifespan of graptolites

Paleobiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Rigby ◽  
P. Noel Dilly
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Utica Shale ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
First Time

Pterobranchs are the closest living relatives of graptolites. Their skeleton is constructed from the same material, and in a homologous manner. Growth rates of the pterobranch Cephalodiscus gracilis are described for the first time and, along with rhabdopleuran growth rates, they are used to estimate the amount of time invested by a graptolite colony in growing its rhabdosome. This is a measure of minimum age. The significance of age calculations is shown for individuals and large communities of graptoloids. Large individuals can be shown to be much older than the time it would have taken them to settle through seawater and so it is shown that graptoloids moved up, as well as down, through the water column. Life tables constructed for biserial graptoloids from the Utica shale in Quebec, Canada, suggest that these graptoloids died from constant environmental stress. Graptoloid length can thus be a function of environment and should only cautiously be considered to be of taxonomic significance.

Reflections on the Commission’s Legacy in Legislated Minimum Standards

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-717
Author(s):  
Marilyn Pittard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
Federal Statute ◽  
State Legislative

This article examines the extent to which the labour standards adopted by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and its predecessors have left a ‘legacy’ in the new legislated standards and dismissal protection in the Fair Work Act 2009. The Commission’s ‘community standards’, developed from ‘test cases’ and piecemeal from other decisions, will be explored, together with factors that had an impact on those decisions, including: the very nature of test cases; economic, social and public interest considerations; the federal statute; State legislative developments; and international influences. Case studies involving paid annual leave and standard hours of work will illustrate the Commission’s approach in its decision-making. Questions are posed as to whether the Commission has left guiding principles to achieve economic and social justice and assist future policymakers and regulators when they face similar decisions; and why some Commission standards were not legislated but may remain in awards.

scholarly journals Beyond switches: Rotaxane- and catenane-based synthetic molecular motors

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan R. Kay ◽  
David A. Leigh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Molecular Machines ◽  
Interlocked Molecules ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
New Generation ◽  
First Time

Nature uses molecular motors and machines in virtually every significant biological process, but learning how to design and assemble simpler artificial structures that function through controlled molecular-level motion is a major challenge for contemporary physical science. The established engineering principles of the macroscopic world can offer little more than inspiration to the molecular engineer who creates devices for an environment where everything is constantly moving and being buffeted by other atoms and molecules. Rather, experimental designs for working molecular machines must follow principles derived from chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and nonequilibrium statistical physics. The remarkable characteristics of interlocked molecules make them particularly useful for investigating the control of motion at the molecular level. Yet, the vast majority of synthetic molecular machines studied to date are simple two-state switches. Here we outline recent developments from our laboratory that demonstrate more complex molecular machine functions. This new generation of synthetic molecular machines can move continuously and progressively away from equilibrium, and they may be considered true prototypical molecular motors. The examples discussed exemplify two, fundamentally different, "Brownian ratchet" mechanisms previously developed in theoretical statistical physics and realized experimentally in molecular-level devices for the first time in these systems.

Luminescence in Si/Strained Si1−xGex Heterostructures

1995 ◽  
Vol 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Sturm ◽  
A. St. Amour ◽  
Y. Lacroix ◽  
M.L.W. Thewalt
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Surface Passivation ◽  
Band Edge ◽  
Strained Si ◽  
Edge Luminescence ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
High Pump ◽  
Band Edge Luminescence ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTThis paper quickly reviews the structure of band-edge luminescence in Si/strained Si1−xGex heterostructures, and then focusses on two recent developments -- the origin of “deep” sub-bandgap luminescence which is sometimes observed in structures grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and the understanding of the temperature dependence of the band-edge luminescence (up to room temperature). Strong evidence will be presented that the origin of the deep luminescence is radiation damage, and that generated defects are segregated or trapped in the SilxGex layers. The modelling of the temperature dependence by twocarrier numerical simulation is presented for the first time. The work and experimental data show convincingly that the strength of the luminescence at high temperature is controlled by recombination at the top silicon surface, which in turn can be controlled by surface passivation. At high pump powers and low temperatures, Auger recombination reduces the lifetime in the Si1−xGex layers, and leads to a luminescence vs. temperature which is flat up to 250 K and which is reduced only by a factor of three at room temperature.

scholarly journals Estrogen actions in the ovary revisited

2002 ◽  
Vol 175 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
KL Britt ◽  
JK Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Female Gonad ◽  
Exogenous Estrogen ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Endogenous Estrogen ◽  
First Time ◽  
Central Paradigm

Estrogens are synonymous with fertility and infertility in mammals. Our knowledge of the biological actions of estrogens, however, is incomplete. Three recent developments have thrown new light on the actions of estrogens in mammalian reproduction that will lead to a greater understanding of their functions. They are (a) the identification of a second estrogen receptor, called ERbeta, (b) the identification of ligand-specific ER coactivators and (c) mouse models with targeted disruption of the genes encoding both ER and the aromatase enzyme. These models provide for the first time animals which are either unable to respond to endogenous or exogenous estrogens (ER 'knockouts'), or can respond to exogenous estrogen but do not make endogenous estrogen (aromatase 'knockout' or ArKO). Furthermore, the ArKO mouse has provided a model to study the effects on the ovary of exogenous estrogens of plant and synthetic origin that are of clinical relevance. The data show that estrogens are essential for fertility but not for survival after birth or for the formation of the reproductive tract. This commentary focuses on the roles of estrogen in folliculogenesis and in the maintenance of the ovarian somatic cell phenotype in the mouse. We also hypothesize that the ERalpha and ERbeta may subserve the proliferative and differentiative actions of estrogen, respectively, within a follicle. In summary, estrogen is obligatory for normal folliculogenesis beyond the antral stage and for the maintenance of the female phenotype of the somatic cells within the ovaries. This clearly demonstrates a major role for sex steroids in somatic cell differentiation in the gonads of eutherian mammals and challenges the central paradigm that the ovary is the default gonad, arising due to the absence of testicular defining signals. Evidence is also provided for the plasticity of the adult female gonad. Understanding the mechanisms of estrogen actions will provide an insight into the regulation of reproductive disorders afflicting women today, notably ovarian dysfunction and the menopause.

Geochronology of Archean and Proterozoic Rocks in the Southern District of Keewatin

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Wanless ◽  
K. E. Eade
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Southern District ◽  
Quartz Monzonite ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hurwitz Group ◽  
Age Determinations

Rb–Sr and U–Pb dating techniques have been utilized to identify and date Archean supracrustal rocks within the Churchill structural province in regions where K–Ar age determinations have recorded only the effects of younger Hudsonian orogeny. The age of emplacement of Archean granodiorite has been established at 2550 m.y., a determination that also provides a minimum age for volcanic rocks intruded by the granodiorite.The overlying Proterozoic Hurwitz Group volcanic rocks have been dated for the first time at 1808 ± 35 m.y. (Upper Aphebian). A post-Hurwitz Group quartz monzonite pluton intruded the granodiorite gneiss at 1772 ± 22 m.y. and the age of the post-tectonic Nueltin Lake Granite has been established at 1700 ± 16 m.y. (Paleohelikian).It is concluded that the Hurwitz Group cannot be correlated with the Huronian succession in Ontario as the Hurwitz Group rocks are 300 to 400 m.y. younger than the Huronian strata.

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