German Settlements in the Southern Caucasus

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Caucasus ◽  
The Town ◽  
Vast Territory

AbstractThe article deals with the German migration to Russia in general and the fate of German settlements in the Southern Caucasus in particular. After a short overview over the motives and ways of German migration to Russia from its early days in the 10th century until the end of the first Russian Revolution in 1908 the author describes at some length the history of German settlements in Transcaucasia, i.e. the territory divided today between the Republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The first 31 German families of migrants, which belonged to the chiliastic sectarian movement arrived in the Southern Caucasus in spring 1817 and founded near to Tbilissi the settlement Marienfeld. They were soon to be followed by other German migrants which were engaging themselves all over Transcaucasia in agriculture, gardening and cattle-breeding. In 1900 the number of German settlers in the area amounted to about 12 thousand people. Although spread over a vast territory the German villages were in contact which each other, establishing their own network of religious and educational institutions. German-speakers reached as far south as Schuscha, a town in today's Nogorny Karabakh. Two small German villages were even to be found near to Mount Ararat, on the very Russian-Turkish border, around five kilometres from the town of Kars. Although both villages were left by their German inhabitants in 1914 due to World War I, still in 1971 some old German style houses now inhabi-ted by Turkish families could be identified in the place.

A Bulgarian Student in Early XX Century Ukraine: Study, Lifestyle and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-411
Author(s):  
Аndrii Chutkyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Town

The paper discusses the life of Konstantin Nikolov, a Bulgarian from the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, during his study at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce (1909 – 1915). The very “insignificance” of this person allows for some wider generalizations, given the fact that precisely such people best reflect the society as a whole. For this reason, the study of ordinary people’s biographies has become an important focus of modern historiography. Nikolov’s student years illustrate some aspects of contemporary Bulgarian history and exemplify the experience of Bulgarian students in the Russian Empire before and during the World War I. The present study is based on archive materials previously untapped by scholars. It also involves some documents relative to Svitozar Drahomanov, who was of Ukrainian origin but spent his childhood in Bulgaria and studied at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce along with Nikolov, as well as documents regarding a trip to Bulgaria by Czesław Madej, another student of the same institute. The study demonstrates that archives of different Kyiv-based higher educational institutions should be explored for more valuable materials regarding Bulgarian born students, which may help draw a fuller picture of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations in the field of education and culture. This, in turn, will contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of Ukrainian higher education in the early 20th century. It will also provide a wider perspective on the phenomenon of Bulgarians studying abroad before and during the World War I, including the life situations of the students during this period which proved crucial for the whole European civilization.

scholarly journals Provincial Land Use Planning Initiatives in the Town of Kapuskasing

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
O. W. Saarinen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
World War I ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

Kapuskasing, Ontario warrants special mention in the history of Canadian land use planning. The town first acquired special prominence immediately following World War I when it was the site of the first provincially-planned resource community in Canada. The early layout of the settlement reflected the imprints of both the "city beautiful" and "garden city" movements. After 1958, the resource community then became the focus for an important experiment in urban "fringe" rehabilitation at Brunetville, a suburban area situated just east of the planned Kapuskasing townsite. The author suggests that the role of the Brunetville experiment in helping to change the focus of urban renewal in Canada from redevelopment to rehabilitation has not been fully appreciated.

Activities of The Caucasian Islamic Army to save Baku

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (05) ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
İlahe Sahib kızı Yusifli ◽  
◽  
Cengiz Yüksel oğlu Kartın ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
World War ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World ◽  
State 1

In 1917, after the October and February revolutions in Russia, peoples were given "Self-determination." After this law, all peoples who were captured by tsarist rule began to fight for independence. Azerbaijan has also joined this struggle. Azerbaijan, which gained independence on May 28, 1918, needed power to maintain independence. This power was allowed by the Batumi Treaty, which was associated with the Ottoman state. Because of that, the Ottoman state undertook to send military assistance to Azerbaijan. With this section As a result, the Caucasian Islamic Army would come to Azerbaijan, clear region of foreign troops, help Azerbaijan maintain independence, and help establish an army. Since the need for oil increased in World War I, the state that occupied Baku would have great superiority. For this reason, Great Britain had an army in Azerbaijan. The Baku victory of the Caucasian Islamic Army is one of three victories won during the First World War. It further strengthened the brotherhood between the two states. For this reason, the Islamic Army of the Caucasus is one of the glorious pages of the history of Azerbaijan and Turkey. The article will assess the activities of the Caucasian Islamic Army to liberate Baku. Key words: Caucasian Islamic Army, Dniesterforce, Russian Revolution, Azerbaijan Democratıc Republic, Ottoman State [1] Makale Eciyez Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsüde yürütülen “İngilizlerin Kafkasya Politikası ve Kafkas İslam Ordusuna Münasebeti (1918-1920)” tezinden yararlanarak hazırlanmıştır

scholarly journals Nauczyciele wychowawcy polskich szkół salezjańskich w okresie od 1898 do 1939 roku

2018 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Mirosław Stanisław Wierzbicki SDB
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
School Year ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educative Process ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Training

This article deals with the educator teacher and his work in the Salesian schools since the beginning of the school year to 1939. The daily pedagogical work of teachers was associated with in shaping the intellect, character and religiousness live of the students. Many examples taken from the history of the Salesian schools indicate that the Salesian activity brought good educational results during the Partitions, as well as during World War I or the inter-war period. The social context in which the Poles lived indicated the necessity of raising the culture of the Polish society. This activity was carried out by the Salesian priests and Salesian brothers. Co workers were also invited to cooperate. The necessity of education and training allowed for the openings of schools, but also other institutions, the dormitories, educational institutions, oratories or parishes. There were always children and young people as subjects of the work the Salesians. In education, teachers used the „Pedagogical triad”, based on reason, religion, and love-flowing from the preventive system left by St. John Bosco. It was precisely the „triad” that became the syncretism of the values and strategies proposed learners in the educative process.

Press Propaganda and Subaltern Agents of Pan-Islamic Networks in the Muslim Mediterranean World prior to World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
World War ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
The Press ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores movement and circulation across the Mediterranean and seeks to contribute to a history of proto-nationalism in the Maghrib and the Middle East at a particular moment prior to World War I. The discussion is particularly concerned with the interface of two Mediterranean spaces: the Middle East (Egypt, Ottoman Empire) and North Africa (Morocco), where the latter is viewed as a case study where resistance movements sought external allies as a way of compensating for their internal weakness. Applying methods developed by Subaltern Studies, and linking macro-historical approaches, namely of a translocal movement in the Muslim Mediterranean, it explores how the Egypt-based society, al-Ittihad al-Maghribi, through its agent, Aref Taher, used the press as an instrument for political propaganda, promoting its Pan-Islamic programme and its goal of uniting North Africa.

The War of Legs

Transfers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Michael Pesek
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
World War ◽  
East African ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Belgian Congo

This article describes the little-known history of military labor and transport during the East African campaign of World War I. Based on sources from German, Belgian, and British archives and publications, it considers the issue of military transport and supply in the thick of war. Traditional histories of World War I tend to be those of battles, but what follows is a history of roads and footpaths. More than a million Africans served as porters for the troops. Many paid with their lives. The organization of military labor was a huge task for the colonial and military bureaucracies for which they were hardly prepared. However, the need to organize military transport eventually initiated a process of modernization of the colonial state in the Belgian Congo and British East Africa. This process was not without backlash or failure. The Germans lost their well-developed military transport infrastructure during the Allied offensive of 1916. The British and Belgians went to war with the question of transport unresolved. They were unable to recruit enough Africans for military labor, a situation made worse by failures in the supplies by porters of food and medical care. One of the main factors that contributed to the success of German forces was the Allies' failure in the “war of legs.”

scholarly journals History of the Military Nurse Corps and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons for the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A Talbot ◽  
E Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Heather King
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Nursing ◽  
History Of ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
The Military

ABSTRACT During World War I, the 1918 influenza pandemic struck the fatigued combat troops serving on the Western Front. Medical treatment options were limited; thus, skilled military nursing care was the primary therapy and the best indicator of patient outcomes. This article examines the military nursing’s role in the care of the soldiers during the 1918 flu pandemic and compares this to the 2019 coronavirus pandemic.

Global Pests, National Pride, Local Problems, and the Crisis of Hungarian Wine, 1867–1914

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Robert Nemes
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
National Imagination ◽  
Local Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Rich History

Abstract Hungary has a long, rich history of wine production. Historians have emphasized wine's importance to the development of both the Hungarian economy and Hungarian nationalism. This article ties together these historiographical threads through a case study of a small village in one of Hungary's most famous wine regions. Tracing the village's history from the 1860s to World War I, the article makes three main claims. First, it demonstrates that from the start, this remote village belonged to wider networks of trade and exchange that stretched across the surrounding region, state, and continent. Second, it shows that even as Magyar elites celebrated the folk culture and peasant smallholders of this region, they also cheered the introduction of what they saw as scientific, rational agriculture. This leads to the last argument: wine achieved its place in the pantheon of Hungarian culture at a moment when the local communities that had grown up around its production and stirred the national imagination were undergoing dramatic and irreversible change.

scholarly journals The hierarchical society: the politics of self-determination and the constitution of new states after 1919

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-396
Author(s):  
Maja Spanu
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Society ◽  
International System ◽  
World Politics ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
World War ◽  
New States ◽  
History Of

International Relations scholarship disconnects the history of the so-called expansion of international society from the presence of hierarchies within it. In contrast, this article argues that these developments may in fact be premised on hierarchical arrangements whereby new states are subject to international tutelage as the price of acceptance to international society. It shows that hierarchies within international society are deeply entrenched with the politics of self-determination as international society expands. I substantiate this argument with primary and secondary material on the Minority Treaty provisions imposed on the new states in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe admitted to the League of Nations after World War I. The implications of this claim for International Relations scholarship are twofold. First, my argument contributes to debates on the making of the international system of states by showing that the process of expansion of international society is premised on hierarchy, among and within states. Second, it speaks to the growing body of scholarship on hierarchy in world politics by historicising where hierarchies come from, examining how diverse hierarchies are nested and intersect, and revealing how different actors navigate these hierarchies.

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